Cancer Vaccines and Immunotherapy
Updated: 04/25/2006

References

Adema GJ, de V, I et al. et al. Migration of dendritic cell based cancer vaccines: in vivo veritas? Curr Opin Immunol. 2005 Apr;17(2):170-4.

Aigner A, Brachmann P et al. et al. Marked increase of the growth factors pleiotrophin and fibroblast growth factor-2 in serum of testicular cancer patients. Ann Oncol. 2003 Oct;14(10):1525-9.

Allan CP, Turtle CJ et al. The immune response to breast cancer, and the case for DC immunotherapy. Cytotherapy. 2004;6(2):154-63.

Amato RJ, Morgan M et al. Phase I/II study of thalidomide in combination with interleukin-2 in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Cancer. 2006 Feb 10.

Anderson GD, Rosito G et al. Drug interaction potential of soy extract and Panax ginseng. J Clin Pharmacol. 2003 Jun;43(6):643-8.

Angelini C, Bovo G et al. Preoperative interleukin-2 immunotherapy in pancreatic cancer: preliminary results. Hepatogastroenterology. 2006 Jan;53(67):141-4.

Avigan D. Dendritic cells: development, function and potential use for cancer immunotherapy. Blood Rev. 1999 Mar;13(1):51-64.

Babcock TA, Helton WS et al. Omega-3 fatty acid lipid emulsion reduces LPS-stimulated macrophage TNF-alpha production. Surg Infect (Larchmt ). 2002;3(2):145-9.

Baluna R, Vitetta ES. Vascular leak syndrome: a side effect of immunotherapy. Immunopharmacology. 1997 Oct;37(2-3):117-32.

Baselga J, Albanell J et al. Mechanism of action of trastuzumab and scientific update. Semin Oncol. 2001 Oct;28(5 Suppl 16):4-11.

Beerepoot LV, Mehra N et al. Increased levels of viable circulating endothelial cells are an indicator of progressive disease in cancer patients. Ann Oncol. 2004 Jan;15(1):139-45.

Bendandi M. The role of idiotype vaccines in the treatment of human B-cell malignancies. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2004 Apr;3(2):163-70.

Berinstein NL. Carcinoembryonic antigen as a target for therapeutic anticancer vaccines: a review. J Clin Oncol. 2002 Apr 15;20(8):2197-207.

Bhopale GM, Nanda RK. Prospects for hepatitis C vaccine. Acta Virol. 2004;48(4):215-21.

Bitton RJ, Guthmann MD et al. Cancer vaccines: an update with special focus on ganglioside antigens. Oncol Rep. 2002 Mar;9(2):267-76.

Bodey B, Siegel SE et al. Antigen presentation by dendritic cells and their significance in antineoplastic immunotherapy. In Vivo. 2004 Jan;18(1):81-100.

Bonfanti A, Lissoni P et al. Changes in circulating dendritic cells and IL-12 in relation to the angiogenic factor VEGF during IL-2 immunotherapy of metastatic renal cell cancer. Int J Biol Markers. 2000 Apr;15(2):161-4.

Bonifazi F, de VA et al. Chronic myeloid leukemia and interferon-alpha: a study of complete cytogenetic responders. Blood. 2001 Nov 15;98(10):3074-81.

Bonner JA, Harari PM et al. Radiotherapy plus cetuximab for squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck. N Engl J Med. 2006 Feb 9;354(6):567-78.

Braybrooke JP, Slade A et al. Phase I study of MetXia-P450 gene therapy and oral cyclophosphamide for patients with advanced breast cancer or melanoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2005 Feb 15;11(4):1512-20.

Brodsky FM, Guagliardi LE. The cell biology of antigen processing and presentation. Annu Rev Immunol. 1991;9:707-44.

Broome CS, McArdle F et al. An increase in selenium intake improves immune function and poliovirus handling in adults with marginal selenium status. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Jul;80(1):154-62.

Brostjan C, Bayer A et al. Monitoring of circulating angiogenic factors in dendritic cell-based cancer immunotherapy. Cancer. 2003 Nov 15;98(10):2291-301.

Brusky JP, Gailani F et al. High-dose interleukin-2 immunotherapy is safe for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma on dialysis. BJU Int. 2006 Feb;97(2):279-80.

Calder PC. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammation: from molecular biology to the clinic. Lipids. 2003 Apr;38(4):343-52.

Calder PC. Dietary modification of inflammation with lipids. Proc Nutr Soc. 2002 Aug;61(3):345-58.

Calder PC, Grimble RF. Polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation and immunity. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2002a Aug;56 Suppl 3:S14-S19.

Calder PC, Kew S. The immune system: a target for functional foods? Br J Nutr. 2002b Nov;88 Suppl 2:S165-S177.

Calder PC, Yaqoob P. Glutamine and the immune system. Amino Acids. 1999;17(3):227-41.

Carr A, Rodriguez E et al. Immunotherapy of advanced breast cancer with a heterophilic ganglioside (NeuGcGM3) cancer vaccine. J Clin Oncol. 2003 Mar 15;21(6):1015-21.

Caspar CB, Levy S et al. Idiotype vaccines for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma induce polyclonal immune responses that cover mutated tumor idiotypes: comparison of different vaccine formulations. Blood. 1997 Nov 1;90(9):3699-706.

Chan AD, Morton DL. Active immunotherapy with allogeneic tumor cell vaccines: present status. Semin Oncol. 1998 Dec;25(6):611-22.

Chandra RK. Nutrition and immunology: from the clinic to cellular biology and back again. Proc Nutr Soc. 1999 Aug;58(3):681-3.

Chen W, Rains N et al. Dendritic cell-based cancer immunotherapy: potential for treatment of colorectal cancer? J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2000 Jul;15(7):698-705.

Chermesh I, Shamir R. [Immunonutrition--can we see the light?]. Harefuah. 2004 Mar;143(3):203-4.

Clay TM, Hobeika AC et al. Assays for monitoring cellular immune responses to active immunotherapy of cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2001 May;7(5):1127-35.

Coetzee LJ, Hars V et al. Postoperative prostate-specific antigen as a prognostic indicator in patients with margin-positive prostate cancer, undergoing adjuvant radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy. Urology. 1996 Feb;47(2):232-5.

Cordon-Cardo C, Fuks Z et al. Expression of HLA-A,B,C antigens on primary and metastatic tumor cell populations of human carcinomas. Cancer Res. 1991 Dec 1;51(23 Pt 1):6372-80.

Courtemanche C, Elson-Schwab I et al. Folate deficiency inhibits the proliferation of primary human CD8+ T lymphocytes in vitro. J Immunol. 2004 Sep 1;173(5):3186-92.

Dalgleish AG. Cancer vaccines as a therapeutic strategy. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2004 Dec;3(6):665-8.

Dhawan V, Jain S. Effect of garlic supplementation on oxidized low density lipoproteins and lipid peroxidation in patients of essential hypertension. Mol Cell Biochem. 2004 Nov;266(1-2):109-15.

Disis ML, Calenoff E et al. Existent T-cell and antibody immunity to HER-2/neu protein in patients with breast cancer. Cancer Res. 1994 Jan 1;54(1):16-20.

Doehn C, Richter A et al. Adjuvant autologous tumour cell-lysate vaccine versus no adjuvant treatment in patients with M0 renal cell carcinoma after radical nephrectomy: 3-year interim analysis of a German multicentre phase-III trial. Folia Biol (Praha). 2003;49(2):69-73.

Doke S, Inagaki N et al. Effects of vitamin B6 deficiency on cytokine levels and lymphocytes in mice. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 1998 May;62(5):1008-10.

Dranoff G, Soiffer R et al. A phase I study of vaccination with autologous, irradiated melanoma cells engineered to secrete human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor. Hum Gene Ther. 1997 Jan 1;8(1):111-23.

Duthie SJ, Hawdon A. DNA instability (strand breakage, uracil misincorporation, and defective repair) is increased by folic acid depletion in human lymphocytes in vitro. FASEB J. 1998 Nov;12(14):1491-7.

El-Sokkary GH, Reiter RJ et al. Melatonin supplementation restores cellular proliferation and DNA synthesis in the splenic and thymic lymphocytes of old rats. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2003 Jun;24(3-4):215-23.

Escobar A, Lopez M et al. Dendritic cell immunizations alone or combined with low doses of interleukin-2 induce specific immune responses in melanoma patients. Clin Exp Immunol. 2005 Dec;142(3):555-68.

Fenech M. The role of folic acid and Vitamin B12 in genomic stability of human cells. Mutat Res. 2001 Apr 18;475(1-2):57-67.

Fredman P, Hedberg K et al. Gangliosides as therapeutic targets for cancer. BioDrugs. 2003;17(3):155-67.

Fukuoka M, Yano S et al. Multi-institutional randomized phase II trial of gefitinib for previously treated patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (The IDEAL 1 Trial) [corrected]. J Clin Oncol. 2003 Jun 15;21(12):2237-46.

Gaugler B, Van den EB et al. Human gene MAGE-3 codes for an antigen recognized on a melanoma by autologous cytolytic T lymphocytes. J Exp Med. 1994 Mar 1;179(3):921-30.

Ginaldi L, De MM et al. The immune system in the elderly: I. Specific humoral immunity. Immunol Res. 1999;20(2):101-8.

Gogas H, Ioannovich J et al. Prognostic significance of autoimmunity during treatment of melanoma with interferon. N Engl J Med. 2006 Feb 16;354(7):709-18.

Grimble RF. Nutritional modulation of immune function. Proc Nutr Soc. 2001 Aug;60(3):389-97.

Grohmann U, Fioretti MC et al. Dendritic cells, interleukin 12, and CD4+ lymphocytes in the initiation of class I-restricted reactivity to a tumor/self peptide. Crit Rev Immunol. 1998;18(1-2):87-98.

Guilhot F, Roy L et al. Interferon therapy in chronic myelogenous leukemia. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2004 Jun;18(3):585-603, viii.

Hainsworth JD, Sosman JA et al. Treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma with a combination of bevacizumab and erlotinib. J Clin Oncol. 2005 Nov 1;23(31):7889-96.

Hajek R, Butch AW. Dendritic cell biology and the application of dendritic cells to immunotherapy of multiple myeloma. Med Oncol. 2000 Feb;17(1):2-15.

Hakomori S. Tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens defining tumor malignancy: basis for development of anti-cancer vaccines. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2001;491:369-402.

Hanna MG, Jr., Hoover HC, Jr. et al. Adjuvant active specific immunotherapy of stage II and stage III colon cancer with an autologous tumor cell vaccine: first randomized phase III trials show promise. Vaccine. 2001 Mar 21;19(17-19):2576-82.

Harris JE, Ryan L et al. Adjuvant active specific immunotherapy for stage II and III colon cancer with an autologous tumor cell vaccine: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Study E5283. J Clin Oncol. 2000 Jan;18(1):148-57.

Hassan ZM, Yaraee R et al. Immunomodulatory affect of R10 fraction of garlic extract on natural killer activity. Int Immunopharmacol. 2003 Oct;3(10-11):1483-9.

Hayes DF, Yamauchi H et al. Circulating HER-2/erbB-2/c-neu (HER-2) extracellular domain as a prognostic factor in patients with metastatic breast cancer: Cancer and Leukemia Group B Study 8662. Clin Cancer Res. 2001 Sep;7(9):2703-11.

Hellstrom IE, Hellstrom KE et al. Demonstration of cell-bound and humoral immunity against neuroblastoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1968 Aug;60(4):1231-8.

Hellstrom KE, Hellstrom I. Therapeutic vaccination with tumor cells that engage CD137. J Mol Med. 2003 Feb;81(2):71-86.

Hercberg S, Preziosi P et al. A primary prevention trial using nutritional doses of antioxidant vitamins and minerals in cardiovascular diseases and cancers in a general population: the SU.VI.MAX study--design, methods, and participant characteristics. SUpplementation en VItamines et Mineraux AntioXydants. Control Clin Trials. 1998 Aug;19(4):336-51.

Herrera LA, itez-Bribiesca L et al. Role of infectious diseases in human carcinogenesis. Environ Mol Mutagen. 2005 Mar 2.

Hirschowitz EA, Foody T et al. Autologous dendritic cell vaccines for non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2004 Jul 15;22(14):2808-15.

Hodge JW. Carcinoembryonic antigen as a target for cancer vaccines. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 1996 Nov;43(3):127-34.

Holmberg LA, Oparin DV et al. Clinical outcome of breast and ovarian cancer patients treated with high-dose chemotherapy, autologous stem cell rescue and THERATOPE STn-KLH cancer vaccine. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2000 Jun;25(12):1233-41.

Holmberg LA, Sandmaier BM. Theratope vaccine (STn-KLH). Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2001 Sep;1(5):881-91.

Holmberg LA, Sandmaier BM. Vaccination with Theratope (STn-KLH) as treatment for breast cancer. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2004 Dec;3(6):655-63.

Holmes FF, Wilson J et al. Biology of cancer and aging. Cancer. 1991 Dec 1;68(11 Suppl):2525-6.

Hoos A, Levey DL. Vaccination with heat shock protein-peptide complexes: from basic science to clinical applications. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2003 Jun;2(3):369-79.

Hoover HC, Jr., Brandhorst JS et al. Adjuvant active specific immunotherapy for human colorectal cancer: 6.5-year median follow-up of a phase III prospectively randomized trial. J Clin Oncol. 1993 Mar;11(3):390-9.

Hsueh EC, Famatiga E et al. Enhancement of complement-dependent cytotoxicity by polyvalent melanoma cell vaccine (CancerVax): correlation with survival. Ann Surg Oncol. 1998 Oct;5(7):595-602.

Huang EH, Kaufman HL. CEA-based vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2002 Jun;1(1):49-63.

Huang XF, Ren W et al. A broadly applicable, personalized heat shock protein-mediated oncolytic tumor vaccine. Cancer Res. 2003 Nov 1;63(21):7321-9.

Ibrahim NK, Murray JL. Clinical Development of the STn-KLH Vaccine (Theratope(R)). Clin Breast Cancer. 2003 Feb;3 Suppl 4:S139-S143.

Ibs KH, Rink L. Zinc-altered immune function. J Nutr. 2003 May;133(5 Suppl 1):1452S-6S.

Iqbal Ahmed CM, Johnson HM. Interferon gene therapy for the treatment of cancer and viral infections. Drugs Today (Barc ). 2003 Oct;39(10):763-6.

Itoh K, Platsoucas CD et al. Autologous tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in the infiltrate of human metastatic melanomas. Activation by interleukin 2 and autologous tumor cells, and involvement of the T cell receptor. J Exp Med. 1988 Oct 1;168(4):1419-41.

Jager E, Ringhoffer M et al. Granulocyte-macrophage-colony-stimulating factor enhances immune responses to melanoma-associated peptides in vivo. Int J Cancer. 1996 Jul 3;67(1):54-62.

Janeway CA, Jr., Bottomly K. Signals and signs for lymphocyte responses. Cell. 1994 Jan 28;76(2):275-85.

Jocham D, Richter A et al. Adjuvant autologous renal tumour cell vaccine and risk of tumour progression in patients with renal-cell carcinoma after radical nephrectomy: phase III, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2004 Feb 21;363(9409):594-9.

Johnson JR, Cohen M et al. Approval summary for erlotinib for treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer after failure of at least one prior chemotherapy regimen. Clin Cancer Res. 2005 Sep 15;11(18):6414-21.

Jonasch E, Haluska FG. Interferon in oncological practice: review of interferon biology, clinical applications, and toxicities. Oncologist. 2001;6(1):34-55.

Jubb AM, Hurwitz HI et al. Impact of vascular endothelial growth factor-A expression, thrombospondin-2 expression, and microvessel density on the treatment effect of bevacizumab in metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2006 Jan 10;24(2):217-27.

Junker U, Knoefel B et al. Transforming growth factor beta 1 is significantly elevated in plasma of patients suffering from renal cell carcinoma. Cytokine. 1996 Oct;8(10):794-8.

Kaufman HL. Integrating bench with bedside: the role of vaccine therapy in the treatment of solid tumors. J Clin Oncol. 2005 Feb 1;23(4):659-61.

Keilholz U, Gore ME. Biochemotherapy for advanced melanoma. Semin Oncol. 2002a Oct;29(5):456-61.

Keilholz U, Weber J et al. Immunologic monitoring of cancer vaccine therapy: results of a workshop sponsored by the Society for Biological Therapy. J Immunother. 2002b Mar;25(2):97-138.

Kew S, Mesa MD et al. Effects of oils rich in eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids on immune cell composition and function in healthy humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Apr;79(4):674-81.

Kidd PM. The use of mushroom glucans and proteoglycans in cancer treatment. Altern Med Rev. 2000 Feb;5(1):4-27.

Kiper A, Yigitbasy O et al. The prognostic importance of prostate-specific antigen in monitoring patients undergoing maximum androgen blockage for metastatic prostate cancer. ScientificWorldJournal. 2005 Jan 28;5:118-24.

Kirkwood JM, Ibrahim JG et al. High-dose interferon alfa-2b significantly prolongs relapse-free and overall survival compared with the GM2-KLH/QS-21 vaccine in patients with resected stage IIB-III melanoma: results of intergroup trial E1694/S9512/C509801. J Clin Oncol. 2001 May 1;19(9):2370-80.

Klein E, Mantovani A. Action of natural killer cells and macrophages in cancer. Curr Opin Immunol. 1993 Oct;5(5):714-8.

Knuth A, Wolfel T et al. Cellular and humoral immune responses against cancer: implications for cancer vaccines. Curr Opin Immunol. 1991 Oct;3(5):659-64.

Knutson KL. GMK (Progenics Pharmaceuticals). Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2002 Jan;3(1):159-64.

Kohn S, Kohn D et al. Effect of zinc supplementation on epidermal Langerhans' cells of elderly patients with decubital ulcers. J Dermatol. 2000 Apr;27(4):258-63.

Kwak HK, Hansen CM et al. Improved vitamin B-6 status is positively related to lymphocyte proliferation in young women consuming a controlled diet. J Nutr. 2002 Nov;132(11):3308-13.

Kwak LW. Translational development of active immunotherapy for hematologic malignancies. Semin Oncol. 2003 Jun;30(3 Suppl 8):17-22.

Lahn M, Kohler G et al. Processing of tumor tissues for vaccination with autologous tumor cells. Eur Surg Res. 1997;29(4):292-302.

Larsen MW, Moser C et al. Ginseng modulates the immune response by induction of interleukin-12 production. APMIS. 2004 Jun;112(6):369-73.

Lenton KJ, Sane AT et al. Vitamin C augments lymphocyte glutathione in subjects with ascorbate deficiency. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 Jan;77(1):189-95.

Lesourd B, Mazari L. Nutrition and immunity in the elderly. Proc Nutr Soc. 1999 Aug;58(3):685-95.

Levine TP, Chain BM. The cell biology of antigen processing. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol. 1991;26(5-6):439-73.

Lissoni P, Bolis S et al. A phase II study of neuroimmunotherapy with subcutaneous low-dose IL-2 plus the pineal hormone melatonin in untreatable advanced hematologic malignancies. Anticancer Res. 2000 May;20(3B):2103-5.

Liu KJ, Wang CC et al. Generation of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-specific T-cell responses in HLA-A*0201 and HLA-A*2402 late-stage colorectal cancer patients after vaccination with dendritic cells loaded with CEA peptides. Clin Cancer Res. 2004 Apr 15;10(8):2645-51.

Livingston PO, Wong GY et al. Improved survival in stage III melanoma patients with GM2 antibodies: a randomized trial of adjuvant vaccination with GM2 ganglioside. J Clin Oncol. 1994 May;12(5):1036-44.

Luftner D, Pollmann D et al. Perspectives of immunotherapy in metastatic breast cancer. Anticancer Res. 2005 Nov;25(6C):4599-604.

Lyerly HK. Quantitating cellular immune responses to cancer vaccines. Semin Oncol. 2003 Jun;30(3 Suppl 8):9-16.

Malmberg KJ, Lenkei R et al. A short-term dietary supplementation of high doses of vitamin E increases T helper 1 cytokine production in patients with advanced colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2002 Jun;8(6):1772-8.

Mancuso P, Calleri A et al. Circulating endothelial cells as a novel marker of angiogenesis. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2003;522:83-97.

Mantovani A, Bottazzi B et al. The origin and function of tumor-associated macrophages. Immunol Today. 1992 Jul;13(7):265-70.

Marchand M, van BN et al. Tumor regressions observed in patients with metastatic melanoma treated with an antigenic peptide encoded by gene MAGE-3 and presented by HLA-A1. Int J Cancer. 1999 Jan 18;80(2):219-30.

Marshall J. Carcinoembryonic antigen-based vaccines. Semin Oncol. 2003 Jun;30(3 Suppl 8):30-6.

Matsui Y, Uhara J et al. Improved prognosis of postoperative hepatocellular carcinoma patients when treated with functional foods: a prospective cohort study. J Hepatol. 2002 Jul;37(1):78-86.

McDermott DF, Regan MM et al. Randomized phase III trial of high-dose interleukin-2 versus subcutaneous interleukin-2 and interferon in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2005 Jan 1;23(1):133-41.

Mittelman A, Chen ZJ et al. Kinetics of the immune response and regression of metastatic lesions following development of humoral anti-high molecular weight-melanoma associated antigen immunity in three patients with advanced malignant melanoma immunized with mouse antiidiotypic monoclonal antibody MK2-23. Cancer Res. 1994 Jan 15;54(2):415-21.

Moore MJ. Brief communication: a new combination in the treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer. Semin Oncol. 2005 Dec;32(6 Suppl 8):5-6.

Moroni M, Veronese S et al. Gene copy number for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and clinical response to antiEGFR treatment in colorectal cancer: a cohort study. Lancet Oncol. 2005 May;6(5):279-86.

Morse MA, Deng Y et al. A Phase I study of active immunotherapy with carcinoembryonic antigen peptide (CAP-1)-pulsed, autologous human cultured dendritic cells in patients with metastatic malignancies expressing carcinoembryonic antigen. Clin Cancer Res. 1999 Jun;5(6):1331-8.

Morton DL. Changing concepts of cancer surgery: surgery as immunotherapy. Am J Surg. 1978 Mar;135(3):367-71.

Morton DL, Hsueh EC et al. Prolonged survival of patients receiving active immunotherapy with Canvaxin therapeutic polyvalent vaccine after complete resection of melanoma metastatic to regional lymph nodes. Ann Surg. 2002 Oct;236(4):438-48.

Murphy G, Tjoa B et al. Phase I clinical trial: T-cell therapy for prostate cancer using autologous dendritic cells pulsed with HLA-A0201-specific peptides from prostate-specific membrane antigen. Prostate. 1996 Dec;29(6):371-80.

Muul LM, Spiess PJ et al. Identification of specific cytolytic immune responses against autologous tumor in humans bearing malignant melanoma. J Immunol. 1987 Feb 1;138(3):989-95.

Naftzger C, Houghton AN. Tumor immunology. Curr Opin Oncol. 1991 Feb;3(1):93-9.

Nicolini A, Carpi A. Beta-interferon and interleukin-2 prolong more than three times the survival of 26 consecutive endocrine dependent breast cancer patients with distant metastases: an exploratory trial. Biomed Pharmacother. 2005 Jun;59(5):253-63.

Noguchi M, Itoh K et al. Immunological monitoring during combination of patient-oriented peptide vaccination and estramustine phosphate in patients with metastatic hormone refractory prostate cancer. Prostate. 2004a Jun 15;60(1):32-45.

Noguchi M, Itoh K et al. Phase I trial of patient-oriented vaccination in HLA-A2-positive patients with metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Cancer Sci. 2004b Jan;95(1):77-84.

O'Riordain MG, De BA et al. Effect of glutamine on immune function in the surgical patient. Nutrition. 1996 Nov;12(11-12 Suppl):S82-S84.

Oki Y, Younes A. Heat shock protein-based cancer vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2004 Aug;3(4):403-11.

Oliver RT, Nethersell AB et al. Unexplained spontaneous regression and alpha-interferon as treatment for metastatic renal carcinoma. Br J Urol. 1989 Feb;63(2):128-31.

Oliver RT, Nouri AM. T cell immune response to cancer in humans and its relevance for immunodiagnosis and therapy. Cancer Surv. 1992;13:173-204.

Osanto S, Schiphorst PP et al. Vaccination of melanoma patients with an allogeneic, genetically modified interleukin 2-producing melanoma cell line. Hum Gene Ther. 2000 Mar 20;11(5):739-50.

Pallast EG, Schouten EG et al. Effect of 50- and 100-mg vitamin E supplements on cellular immune function in noninstitutionalized elderly persons. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999 Jun;69(6):1273-81.

Pantel K, Schlimok G et al. Frequent down-regulation of major histocompatibility class I antigen expression on individual micrometastatic carcinoma cells. Cancer Res. 1991 Sep 1;51(17):4712-5.

Pawelec G, Barnett Y et al. T cells and aging, January 2002 update. Front Biosci. 2002 May 1;7:d1056-d1183.

Penn I. Cancer is a complication of severe immunosuppression. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1986 Jun;162(6):603-10.

Penn I. Tumors of the immunocompromised patient. Annu Rev Med. 1988;39:63-73.

Philpott M, Ferguson LR. Immunonutrition and cancer. Mutat Res. 2004 Jul 13;551(1-2):29-42.

Poon RT, Fan ST et al. Clinical implications of circulating angiogenic factors in cancer patients. J Clin Oncol. 2001 Feb 15;19(4):1207-25.

Portoukalian J, Carrel S et al. Humoral immune response in disease-free advanced melanoma patients after vaccination with melanoma-associated gangliosides. EORTC Cooperative Melanoma Group. Int J Cancer. 1991 Dec 2;49(6):893-9.

Prasad AS, Kucuk O. Zinc in cancer prevention. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2002;21(3-4):291-5.

Przepiorka D, Srivastava PK. Heat shock protein--peptide complexes as immunotherapy for human cancer. Mol Med Today. 1998 Nov;4(11):478-84.

Radny P, Caroli UM et al. Phase II trial of intralesional therapy with interleukin-2 in soft-tissue melanoma metastases. Br J Cancer. 2003 Nov 3;89(9):1620-6.

Ragde H, Cavanagh WA et al. Dendritic cell based vaccines: progress in immunotherapy studies for prostate cancer. J Urol. 2004 Dec;172(6 Pt 2):2532-8.

Rajkumar SV, Blood E et al. Phase III clinical trial of thalidomide plus dexamethasone compared with dexamethasone alone in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: a clinical trial coordinated by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol. 2006 Jan 20;24(3):431-6.

Ranges GE, Figari IS et al. Inhibition of cytotoxic T cell development by transforming growth factor beta and reversal by recombinant tumor necrosis factor alpha. J Exp Med. 1987 Oct 1;166(4):991-8.

Reichardt VL, Brossart P. DC-based immunotherapy of B-cell malignancies. Cytotherapy. 2004;6(1):62-7.

Reinartz S, Wagner U. Current approaches in ovarian cancer vaccines. Minerva Ginecol. 2004 Dec;56(6):515-27.

Ren W, Strube R et al. Potent tumor-specific immunity induced by an in vivo heat shock protein-suicide gene-based tumor vaccine. Cancer Res. 2004 Sep 15;64(18):6645-51.

Richardson MA, Ramirez T et al. Coley toxins immunotherapy: a retrospective review. Altern Ther Health Med. 1999 May;5(3):42-7.

Rini BI. Technology evaluation: APC-8015, Dendreon. Curr Opin Mol Ther. 2002 Feb;4(1):76-9.

Rodriguez CM, Inoges S et al. [Past, present and future of anti-idiotype vaccination]. Rev Med Univ Navarra. 2004 Jul;48(3):14-23.

Rosenberg SA. Progress in human tumour immunology and immunotherapy. Nature. 2001 May 17;411(6835):380-4.

Sallusto F, Lanzavecchia A. Efficient presentation of soluble antigen by cultured human dendritic cells is maintained by granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor plus interleukin 4 and downregulated by tumor necrosis factor alpha. J Exp Med. 1994 Apr 1;179(4):1109-18.

Sarris AH, Kliche KO et al. Interleukin-10 levels are often elevated in serum of adults with Hodgkin's disease and are associated with inferior failure-free survival. Ann Oncol. 1999 Apr;10(4):433-40.

Schellhammer PF, Hershberg RM. Immunotherapy with autologous antigen presenting cells for the treatment of androgen independent prostate cancer. World J Urol. 2005 Feb;23(1):47-9.

Schneider M, Diemer K et al. Protective effects of vitamins C and E on the number of micronuclei in lymphocytes in smokers and their role in ascorbate free radical formation in plasma. Free Radic Res. 2001 Mar;34(3):209-19.

Schulz M, Zinkernagel RM et al. Peptide-induced antiviral protection by cytotoxic T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Feb 1;88(3):991-3.

Seder RA, Paul WE. Acquisition of lymphokine-producing phenotype by CD4+ T cells. Annu Rev Immunol. 1994;12:635-73.

Soiffer R, Hodi FS et al. Vaccination with irradiated, autologous melanoma cells engineered to secrete granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor by adenoviral-mediated gene transfer augments antitumor immunity in patients with metastatic melanoma. J Clin Oncol. 2003 Sep 1;21(17):3343-50.

Sondak VK, Sosman JA. Results of clinical trials with an allogenic melanoma tumor cell lysate vaccine: Melacine. Semin Cancer Biol. 2003 Dec;13(6):409-15.

Sorokine I, Ben-Mahrez K et al. Presence of circulating anti-c-myb oncogene product antibodies in human sera. Int J Cancer. 1991 Mar 12;47(5):665-9.

Sosman JA, Sondak VK. Melacine: an allogeneic melanoma tumor cell lysate vaccine. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2003 Jun;2(3):353-68.

Sprent J, Surh CD. Generation and maintenance of memory T cells. Curr Opin Immunol. 2001 Apr;13(2):248-54.

Sprent J, Surh CD. T cell memory. Annu Rev Immunol. 2002;20:551-79.

Srinivas S, Guardino AE. A lower dose of thalidomide is better than a high dose in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. BJU Int. 2005 Sep;96(4):536-9.

Srivastava PK. Therapeutic cancer vaccines. Curr Opin Immunol. 2006 Apr;18(2):201-5.

Staveley-O'Carroll K, Sotomayor E et al. Induction of antigen-specific T cell anergy: An early event in the course of tumor progression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Feb 3;95(3):1178-83.

Sterman DH, Recio A et al. Long-term follow-up of patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma receiving high-dose adenovirus herpes simplex thymidine kinase/ganciclovir suicide gene therapy. Clin Cancer Res. 2005 Oct 15;11(20):7444-53.

Sunga AY, Eberl MM et al. Care of cancer survivors. Am Fam Physician. 2005 Feb 15;71(4):699-706.

Tai T, Cahan LD et al. Immunogenicity of melanoma-associated gangliosides in cancer patients. Int J Cancer. 1985 May 15;35(5):607-12.

Takei M, Tachikawa E et al. Dendritic cells maturation promoted by M1 and M4, end products of steroidal ginseng saponins metabolized in digestive tracts, drive a potent Th1 polarization. Biochem Pharmacol. 2004 Aug 1;68(3):441-52.

Tamura J, Kubota K et al. Immunomodulation by vitamin B12: augmentation of CD8+ T lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cell activity in vitamin B12-deficient patients by methyl-B12 treatment. Clin Exp Immunol. 1999 Apr;116(1):28-32.

Titzer S, Christensen O et al. Vaccination of multiple myeloma patients with idiotype-pulsed dendritic cells: immunological and clinical aspects. Br J Haematol. 2000 Mar;108(4):805-16.

Tjoa BA, Murphy GP. Development of dendritic-cell based prostate cancer vaccine. Immunol Lett. 2000 Sep 15;74(1):87-93.

Tsao H, Atkins MB et al. Management of cutaneous melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2004 Sep 2;351(10):998-1012.

Ueda Y, Itoh T et al. Dendritic cell-based immunotherapy of cancer with carcinoembryonic antigen-derived, HLA-A24-restricted CTL epitope: Clinical outcomes of 18 patients with metastatic gastrointestinal or lung adenocarcinomas. Int J Oncol. 2004 Apr;24(4):909-17.

Ullenhag GJ, Frodin JE et al. Durable carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-specific humoral and cellular immune responses in colorectal carcinoma patients vaccinated with recombinant CEA and granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Clin Cancer Res. 2004 May 15;10(10):3273-81.

Vallejo A, Lorente JA et al. Blindness due to anterior ischemic optic neuropathy in a burn patient. J Trauma. 2002 Jul;53(1):139-41.

Vallejo R, Hord ED et al. Perioperative immunosuppression in cancer patients. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol. 2003;22(2):139-46.

Van Der BP, Traversari C et al. A gene encoding an antigen recognized by cytolytic T lymphocytes on a human melanoma. Science. 1991 Dec 13;254(5038):1643-7.

van Heeckeren WJ, Vollweiler J et al. Randomised comparison of two B-cell purging protocols for patients with B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma: in vivo purging with rituximab versus ex vivo purging with CliniMACS CD34 cell enrichment device. Br J Haematol. 2006 Jan;132(1):42-55.

Vieweg J, Jackson A. Modulation of antitumor responses by dendritic cells. Springer Semin Immunopathol. 2005 Jan;26(3):329-41.

Vogel CL, Cobleigh MA et al. First-line Herceptin monotherapy in metastatic breast cancer. Oncology. 2001;61 Suppl 2:37-42.

von MM. Colorectal cancer vaccines: what we know and what we don't yet know. Semin Oncol. 2005 Feb;32(1):76-84.

Vose BM, Moore M. Human tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes: a marker of host response. Semin Hematol. 1985 Jan;22(1):27-40.

Wang RF. Human tumor antigens: implications for cancer vaccine development. J Mol Med. 1999 Sep;77(9):640-55.

Weber JS, Hua FL et al. A phase I trial of an HLA-A1 restricted MAGE-3 epitope peptide with incomplete Freund's adjuvant in patients with resected high-risk melanoma. J Immunother. 1999 Sep;22(5):431-40.

Weiss G, Meyer F et al. Immunomodulation by perioperative administration of n-3 fatty acids. Br J Nutr. 2002 Jan;87 Suppl 1:S89-S94.

Wiemann B, Starnes CO. Coley's toxins, tumor necrosis factor and cancer research: a historical perspective. Pharmacol Ther. 1994;64(3):529-64.

Woodson EM, Chianese-Bullock KA et al. Assessment of the toxicities of systemic low-dose interleukin-2 administered in conjunction with a melanoma peptide vaccine. J Immunother. 2004 Sep;27(5):380-8.

Xiong HQ, Rosenberg A et al. Cetuximab, a monoclonal antibody targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor, in combination with gemcitabine for advanced pancreatic cancer: a multicenter phase II Trial. J Clin Oncol. 2004 Jul 1;22(13):2610-6.

Yoshida S, Matsui M et al. Effects of glutamine supplements and radiochemotherapy on systemic immune and gut barrier function in patients with advanced esophageal cancer. Ann Surg. 1998 Apr;227(4):485-91.