Diabetes
Updated: 03/23/2006

References

Abidoff MT. Special clinical report on effects of glucose-6-phosphatase on human subjects. Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow, 1999. Unpublished study.

Al-Thakafy HS, Khoja SM, et al. Alterations of erythrocyte free radical defense system, heart tissue lipid peroxidation, and lipid concentration in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats under coenzyme Q10 supplementation. Saudi Med J. 2004 Dec;25(12):1824–30.

Ametov AS, Barinov A, et al. The sensory symptoms of diabetic polyneuropathy are improved with alpha-lipoic acid: The SYDNEY trial. Diabetes Care. 2003 Mar;26(3):770–6.

Anderson JW, Randles KM, et al. Carbohydrate and fiber recommendations for individuals with diabetes: A quantitative assessment and meta-analysis of the evidence. J Am Coll Nutr. 2004 Feb;23(1):5–17.

Anderson RA, Broadhurst CL, et al. Isolation and characterization of polyphenol type-A polymers from cinnamon with insulin-like biological activity. J Agric Food Chem. 2004 Jan 14;52(1):65–70.

Anderson RA, Cheng N, et al. Elevated intakes of supplemental chromium improve glucose and insulin variables in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 1997 Nov;46(11):1786–91.

Antoniades C, Tousoulis D, et al. Vascular endothelium and inflammatory process, in patients with combined type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary atherosclerosis: The effects of vitamin C. Diabet Med. 2004 Jun;21(6):552–8.

Auer W, Eiber A, et al. Hypertension and hyperlipidaemia: Garlic helps in mild cases. Br J Clin Pract Suppl. 1990a Aug;69:3–6.

Bahijiri SM, Mira SA, et al. The effects of inorganic chromium and brewer’s yeast supplementation on glucose tolerance, serum lipids and drug dosage in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Saudi Med J. 2000 Sep;21(9):831–7.

Basu R, Chandramouli V, et al. Obesity and type 2 diabetes impair insulin-induced suppression of glycogenolysis as well as gluconeogenesis. Diabetes. 2005 Jul;54(7):1942–8.

Bone K. Bilberry: The vision herb. MediHerb Prof Rev. 1997;59:1–4.

Boudou P, Sobngwi E, et al. Hyperglycaemia acutely decreases circulating dehydroepiandrosterone levels in healthy men. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2006 Jan;64(1):46–52.

Breithaupt-Grogler K, Ling M, et al. Protective effect of chronic garlic intake on elastic properties of aorta in the elderly. Circulation. 1997 Oct 21;96(8):2649–55.

Cameron NE, Cotter MA, et al. Effects of alpha-lipoic acid on neurovascular function in diabetic rats: Interaction with essential fatty acids. Diabetologia. 1998 Apr;41(4):390–9.

Chandalia M, Garg A, et al. Beneficial effects of high dietary fiber intake in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2000 May 11;342(19):1392-8.

Charles-Bernard M, Kraehenbuehl K, et al. Interactions between volatile and nonvolatile coffee components. 1. Screening of nonvolatile components. J Agric Food Chem. 2005 Jun 1;53(11):4417–25.

Cheng JT, Liu IM. Stimulatory effect of caffeic acid on alpha1A-adrenoceptors to increase glucose uptake into cultured C2C12 cells. Naunyn Schmiedeberg’s Arch Pharmacol. 2000 Aug;362(2):122–7.

Cohen-Boulakia F, Valensi PE, et al. In vivo sequential study of skeletal muscle capillary permeability in diabetic rats: Effect of anthocyanosides. Metabolism. 2000 Jul;49(7):880–5.

Corti A, Ferrari SM, et al. UV light increases vitamin C uptake by bovine lens epithelial cells. Mol Vis. 2004 Aug 6;10:533–6.

Crespy V, Williamson G. A review of the health effects of green tea catechins in vivo animal models. J Nutr. 2004 Dec;134(12 Suppl):3431S–3440S.

Dhawan V, Jain S. Effect of garlic supplementation on oxidized low density lipoproteins and lipid peroxidation in patients of essential hypertension. Mol Cell Biochem. 2004 Nov;266(1–2):109–15.

Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. The Diabetes Prevention Program: Baseline characteristics of the randomized cohort. Diabetes Care. 2000 Nov 1;23(11):1619–29.

Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med. 2002 Feb 7;346(6):393–403.

Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Within-trial cost-effectiveness of lifestyle intervention or metformin for the primary prevention of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2003 Sep 1;26(9):2518–23.

Doggrell SA. Alpha-lipoic acid, an anti-obesity agent? Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2004 Dec;13(12):1641–3.

Doly M, Droy-Lefaix MT, et al. Effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on the electrophysiology of the isolated diabetic rat retina. In: Funfgeld EW, Ed. Rokan (Ginkgo biloba)—recent results in pharmacology and clinic. New York: Springer-Verlag; 1988:83–90.

Durak I, Kavutcu M, et al. Effects of garlic extract consumption on blood lipid and oxidant/antioxidant parameters in humans with high blood cholesterol. J Nutr Biochem. 2004 Jun;15(6):373–7.

Ebbesson SO, Risica PM, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids improve glucose tolerance and components of the metabolic syndrome in Alaskan Eskimos: The Alaska Siberia project. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2005 Sep;64(4):396–408.

Efendy JL, Simmons DL, et al. The effect of the aged garlic extract, ‘Kyolic,’ on the development of experimental atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis. 1997 Jul 11;132(1):37–42.

Eibl NL, Kopp HP, et al. Hypomagnesemia in type II diabetes: Effect of a 3-month replacement therapy. Diabetes Care. 1995 Feb;18(2):188–92.

Elamin A, Tuvemo T. Magnesium and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 1990 Nov;10(3):203–9.

Elkayam A, Mirelman D, et al. The effects of allicin on weight in fructose-induced hyperinsulinemic, hyperlipidemic, hypertensive rats. Am J Hypertens. 2003 Dec;16(12):1053–6.

Farvid MS, Jalali M, et al. The impact of vitamins and/or mineral supplementation on blood pressure in type 2 diabetes. J Am Coll Nutr. 2004 Jun;23(3):272–9.

Forbes JM, Cooper ME, et al. Role of advanced glycation end products in diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003 Aug;14(8 Suppl 3):S254–S258.

Furukawa Y. [Enhancement of glucose-induced insulin secretion and modification of glucose metabolism by biotin]. Nippon Rinsho. 1999 Oct;57(10):2261–9. Review.

Gardner CD, Chatterjee LM, et al. The effect of a garlic preparation on plasma lipid levels in moderately hypercholesterolemic adults. Atherosclerosis. 2001 Jan;154(1):213–20.

Ghosh D, Bhattacharya B, et al. Role of chromium supplementation in Indians with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Nutr Biochem. 2002 Nov;13(11):690–7.

Hemmerle H, Burger HJ, et al. Chlorogenic acid and synthetic chlorogenic acid derivatives: Novel inhibitors of hepatic glucose-6-phosphate translocase. J Med Chem. 1997 Jan 17;40(2):137–45.

Hodge AM, English DR, et al. Glycemic index and dietary fiber and the risk of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004 Nov 1;27(11):2701–6.

Hodgson JM, Watts GF, et al. Coenzyme Q10 improves blood pressure and glycaemic control: A controlled trial in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2002 Nov;56(11):1137–42.

Holzgartner H, Schmidt U, et al. Comparison of the efficacy and tolerance of a garlic preparation vs. bezafibrate. Arzneimittelforschung. 1992 Dec;42(12):1473–7.

Hounsom L, Horrobin DF, et al. A lipoic acid-gamma linolenic acid conjugate is effective against multiple indices of experimental diabetic neuropathy. Diabetologia. 1998 Jul;41(7):839–43.

Hsu FL, Chen YC, et al. Caffeic acid as active principle from the fruit of Xanthium strumarium to lower plasma glucose in diabetic rats. Planta Med. 2000 Apr;66(3):228–30.

Huang SY, Jeng C, et al. Improved haemorrheological properties by Ginkgo biloba extract (Egb 761) in type 2 diabetes mellitus complicated with retinopathy. Clin Nutr. 2004 Aug;23(4):615–21.

Hung PF, Wu BT, et al. The antimitogenic effect of green tea (-)-epigallocatechin gallate on 3T3-L1 preadipocytes depends on the Erk and Cdk2 pathways. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2005 May;288(5):C1094–108.

Imparl-Radosevich J, Deas S, et al. Regulation of PTP-1 and insulin receptor kinase by fractions from cinnamon: Implications for cinnamon regulation of insulin signaling. Horm Res. 1998 Sep;50(3):177–82.

Isaacsohn JL, Moser M, et al. Garlic powder and plasma lipids and lipoproteins: A multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Arch Intern Med. 1998 Jun 8;158(11):1189–94.

Isley WL. Hepatotoxicity of thiazolidinediones. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2003 Nov;2(6):581–6.

Jacob S, Henriksen EJ, et al. Enhancement of glucose disposal in patients with type 2 diabetes by alpha-lipoic acid. Arzneimittelforschung. 1995 Aug;45(8):872–4.

Jacob S, Ruus P, et al. Oral administration of RAC-alpha-lipoic acid modulates insulin sensitivity in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus: A placebo-controlled pilot trial. Free Radic Biol Med. 1999 Aug;27(3-4):309–14.

Janssen B, Hohendel D, et al. Carnosine as a protective factor in diabetic nephropathy: Association with a leucine repeat of the carnosinase gene CNDP1. Diabetes. 2005 Aug;54(8):2320–7.

Johnston KL, Clifford MN, et al. Coffee acutely modifies gastrointestinal hormone secretion and glucose tolerance in humans: Glycemic effects of chlorogenic acid and caffeine. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 Oct;78(4):728–33.

Joshi SR. Metformin: old wine in new bottle--evolving technology and therapy in diabetes. J Assoc Physicians India. 2005 Nov;53:963-72.

Jovanovic L, Gutierrez M, et al. Chromium supplementation for women with gestational diabetes mellitus. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 1999;12:91–7.

Kahler W, Kuklinski B, et al. [Diabetes mellitus—a free radical-associated disease. Results of adjuvant antioxidant supplementation]. Z Gesamte Inn Med. 1993 May;48(5):223–32.

Kannar D, Wattanapenpaiboon N, et al. Hypocholesterolemic effect of an enteric-coated garlic supplement. J Am Coll Nutr. 2001 Jun;20(3):225–31.

Kapoor D, Malkin CJ, et al. Androgens, insulin resistance and vascular disease in men. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2005 Sep;63(3):239–50. Review.

Kawabata T, Packer L. Alpha-lipoate can protect against glycation of serum albumin, but not low density lipoprotein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1994 Aug 30;203(1):99–104.

Keen H, Payan J, et al. Treatment of diabetic neuropathy with gamma-linolenic acid. The Gamma-Linolenic Acid Multicenter Trial Group. Diabetes Care. 1993 Jan;16(1):8–15.

Khaw KT, Barrett-Connor E. Dietary potassium and blood pressure in a population. Am J Clin Nutr. 1984 Jun;39(6):963–8.

Kim MJ, Ryu GR, et al. Inhibitory effects of epicatechin on interleukin-1beta-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in RINm5F cells and rat pancreatic islets by down-regulation of NF-kappaB activation. Biochem Pharmacol. 2004 Nov 1;68(9):1775–85.

Kohn RR, Cerami A, et al. Collagen aging in vitro by nonenzymatic glycosylation and browning. Diabetes. 1984 Jan;33(1):57–9.

Koscielny J, Klussendorf D, et al. The antiatherosclerotic effect of Allium sativum. Atherosclerosis. 1999 May;144(1):237–49.

Kris-Etherton PM, Etherton TD, et al. Recent discoveries in inclusive food-based approaches and dietary patterns for reduction in risk for cardiovascular disease. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2002 Aug;13(4):397–407.

Krone CA, Ely JT. Ascorbic acid, glycation, glycohemoglobin and aging. Med Hypotheses. 2004;62(2):275–9.

Kucharska J, Braunova Z, et al. Deficit of coenzyme Q in heart and liver mitochondria of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Physiol Res. 2000;49(4):411–8.

Kudolo GB. The effect of 3-month ingestion of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) on pancreatic beta-cell function in response to glucose loading in individuals with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Clin Pharmacol. 2001 Jun;41(6):600–11.

Lum H, Roebuck KA. Oxidant stress and endothelial cell dysfunction. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2001 Apr;280(4):C719–C741.

Luque RM, Kineman RD. Impact of Obesity on the Growth Hormone (GH)-Axis: Evidence for a Direct Inhibitory Effect of Hyperinsulinemia on Pituitary Function. Endocrinology. 2006 Mar 2; [Epub ahead of print]

Mader FH. Treatment of hyperlipidaemia with garlic-powder tablets: Evidence from the German Association of General Practitioners’ multicentric placebo-controlled double-blind study. Arzneimittelforschung. 1990 Oct;40(10):1111–6.

Mahesh T, Menon VP. Quercetin alleviates oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Phytother Res. 2004 Feb;18(2):123–7.

Manzella D, Barbieri M, et al. Chronic administration of pharmacologic doses of vitamin E improves the cardiac autonomic nervous system in patients with type 2 diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001 Jun;73(6):1052–7.

Marcy TR, Britton ML, et al. Second-generation thiazolidinediones and hepatotoxicity. Ann Pharmacother. 2004 Sep;38(9):1419–23.

Medina MC, Souza LC, et al. Dehydroepiandrosterone increases beta-cell mass and improves the glucose-induced insulin secretion by pancreatic islets from aged rats. FEBS Lett. 2006 Jan 9;580(1):285–90.

Melhem MF, Craven PA, et al. Alpha-lipoic acid attenuates hyperglycemia and prevents glomerular mesangial matrix expansion in diabetes. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002 Jan;13(1):108–16.

Mensink M, Blaak EE, et al. Lifestyle intervention according to general recommendations improves glucose tolerance. Obes Res. 2003 Dec;11(12):1588–96.

Meriden T. Progress with thiazolidinediones in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Ther. 2004 Feb;26(2):177–90.

Meyers CD, Kamanna VS, et al. Niacin therapy in atherosclerosis. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2004 Dec;15(6):659–65. Review.

Mingrone G. Carnitine in type 2 diabetes. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2004 Nov;1033:99–107. Review.

Monnier VM, Kohn RR, et al. Accelerated age-related browning of human collagen in diabetes mellitus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984 Jan;81(2):583–7.

Montonen J, Knekt P, et al. Dietary antioxidant intake and risk of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004 Feb;27(2):362–6.

Mullan BA, Ennis CN, et al. Protective effects of ascorbic acid on arterial hemodynamics during acute hyperglycemia. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2004 Sep;287(3):H1262–H1268.

Mullan BA, Young IS, et al. Ascorbic acid reduces blood pressure and arterial stiffness in type 2 diabetes. Hypertension. 2002 Dec;40(6):804–9.

Muniyappa R, El-Atat F, et al. The Diabetes Prevention Program. Curr Diab Rep. 2003 Jun;3(3):221–2.

Murase T, Nagasawa A, et al. Beneficial effects of tea catechins on diet-induced obesity: Stimulation of lipid catabolism in the liver. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2002 Nov;26(11):1459–64.

Nagamatsu M, Nickander KK, et al. Lipoic acid improves nerve blood flow, reduces oxidative stress, and improves distal nerve conduction in experimental diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes Care. 1995 Aug;18(8):1160–7.

Neil HA, Silagy CA, et al. Garlic powder in the treatment of moderate hyperlipidaemia: A controlled trial and meta-analysis. J R Coll Physicians Lond. 1996 Jul;30(4):329–34.

Neri S, Signorelli SS, et al. Effects of antioxidant supplementation on postprandial oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction: A single-blind, 15-day clinical trial in patients with untreated type 2 diabetes, subjects with impaired glucose tolerance, and healthy controls. Clin Ther. 2005 Nov;27(11):1764–73.

Norbiato G, Bevilacqua M, et al. Effects of potassium supplementation on insulin binding and insulin action in human obesity: Protein-modified fast and refeeding. Eur J Clin Invest. 1984 Dec;14(6):414–9.

Okuda T, Kimura Y, et al. Studies on the activities of tannins and related compounds from medicinal plants and drugs. I. Inhibitory effects on lipid peroxidation in mitochondria and microsomes of liver. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 1983 May;31(5):1625–31.

Paolisso G, D’Amore A, et al. Daily vitamin E supplements improve metabolic control but not insulin secretion in elderly type II diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 1993a Nov;16(11):1433–7.

Paolisso G, D’Amore A, et al. Pharmacologic doses of vitamin E improve insulin action in healthy subjects and non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Am J Clin Nutr. 1993b May;57(5):650–6.

Paolisso G, Di Maro G, et al. Pharmacological doses of vitamin E and insulin action in elderly subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994;59:1291–6.

Peponis V, Bonovas S, et al. Conjunctival and tear film changes after vitamin C and E administration in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Med Sci Monit. 2004 May;10(5):CR213–CR217.

Petersen M, Pedersen H, et al. Effect of fish oil versus corn oil supplementation on LDL and HDL subclasses in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 2002 Oct;25(10):1704–8.

Petlevski R, Hadzija M, et al. Effect of ‘antidiabetis’ herbal preparation on serum glucose and fructosamine in NOD mice. J Ethnopharmacol. 2001 May;75(2-3):181–4.

Petlevski R, Hadzija M, et al. Glutathione S-transferases and malondialdehyde in the liver of NOD mice on short-term treatment with plant mixture extract P-9801091. Phytother Res. 2003 Apr;17(4):311–4.

Playford DA, Watts GF, et al. Combined effect of coenzyme Q10 and fenofibrate on forearm microcirculatory function in type 2 diabetes. Atherosclerosis. 2003 May;168(1):169–79.

Pocoit F, Reimers JL, et al. Nicotinamide: Biological actions and therapeutic potential in diabetes prevention. Diagn Cytopathol. 1993;36:574–6.

Pozzilli P, Andreani D. The potential role of nicotinamide in the secondary prevention of IDDM. Diabetes Metabol Rev. 1993;9:219–30.

Punkt K, Psinia I, et al. Effects on skeletal muscle fibres of diabetes and Ginkgo biloba extract treatment. Acta Histochem. 1999 Feb;101(1):53–69.

Kumar V, Abbas AK, et al, eds. Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. 7th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Elsevier; 2005.

Rodriguez-Moran M, Guerrero-Romero F. Oral magnesium supplementation improves insulin sensitivity and metabolic control in type 2 diabetic subjects: A randomized double-blind controlled trial. Diabetes Care. 2003 Apr;26(4):1147–52.

Sakurai S, Yonekura H, et al. The AGE-RAGE system and diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003 Aug;14(8 Suppl 3):S259–S263.

Sancetta SM, Ayres PR, et al. The use of vitamin B12 in the management of the neurological manifestations of diabetes mellitus, with notes on the administration of massive doses. Ann Int Med. 1951;35:1028–48.

Sato Y, Nagasaki M, et al. Physical exercise improves glucose metabolism in lifestyle-related diseases. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2003 Nov;228(10):1208–12.

Sato Y. Diabetes and life-styles: Role of physical exercise for primary prevention. British Journal of Nutrition. 2000 Dec;84(6 Suppl 2):187–90.

Scharrer A, Ober M. [Anthocyanosides in the treatment of retinopathies (author’s transl)]. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd. 1981 May;178(5):386–9.

Schmidt AM, Stern DM. RAGE: A new target for the prevention and treatment of the vascular and inflammatory complications of diabetes. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2000 Nov 1;11(9):368–75.

Seddon JM, Christen WG, et al. The use of vitamin supplements and the risk of cataract among US male physicians. Am J Public Health. 1994;84:788–92.

Sharifi AM, Darabi R, et al. Investigation of antihypertensive mechanism of garlic in 2K1C hypertensive rat. J Ethnopharmacol. 2003 Jun;86(2-3):219–24.

Sheard NF. Moderate changes in weight and physical activity can prevent or delay the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus in susceptible individuals. Nutr Rev. 2003 Feb;61(2):76–9.

Sheard NF, Clark NG, et al. Dietary carbohydrate (amount and type) in the prevention and management of diabetes: A statement by the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2004 Sep 1;27(9):2266–71.

Silagy CA, Neil HA. A meta-analysis of the effect of garlic on blood pressure. J Hypertens. 1994 Apr;12(4):463–8.

Song EK, Hur H, et al. Epigallocatechin gallate prevents autoimmune diabetes induced by multiple low doses of streptozotocin in mice. Arch Pharm Res. 2003 Jul;26(7):559–63.

Song KH, Lee WJ, et al. Alpha-lipoic acid prevents diabetes mellitus in diabetes-prone obese rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005 Jan 7;326(1):197–202.

Soto C, Mena R, et al. Silymarin induces recovery of pancreatic function after alloxan damage in rats. Life Sci. 2004 Sep 17;75(18):2167–80.

Steiner M, Khan AH, et al. A double-blind crossover study in moderately hypercholesterolemic men that compared the effect of aged garlic extract and placebo administration on blood lipids. Am J Clin Nutr. 1996 Dec;64(6):866–70.

Stratton IM, Adler AI, et al. Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35): Prospective observational study. BMJ. 2000 Aug 12;321(7258):405–12.

Superko HR, Krauss RM. Garlic powder, effect on plasma lipids, postprandial lipemia, low-density lipoprotein particle size, high-density lipoprotein subclass distribution and lipoprotein(a). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000 Feb;35(2):321–6.

Suzuki YJ, Tsuchiya M, et al. Lipoate prevents glucose-induced protein modifications. Free Radic Res Commun. 1992;17(3):211–7.

Tanaka S, Han LK, et al. [Effects of the flavonoid fraction from Ginkgo biloba extract on the postprandial blood glucose elevation in rats]. Yakugaku Zasshi. 2004 Sep;124(9):605-11.

Tosiello L. Hypomagnesemia and diabetes mellitus: A review of clinical implications. Arch Intern Med. 1996 Jun 10;156(11):1143–8.

Tran TT, Naigamwalla D, et al. Hyperinsulinemia, But Not Other Factors Associated with Insulin Resistance, Acutely Enhances Colorectal Epithelial Proliferation In Vivo. Endocrinology. 2006 Jan 12; [Epub ahead of print]

Turner B, Molgaard C, et al. Effect of garlic (Allium sativum) powder tablets on serum lipids, blood pressure and arterial stiffness in normo-lipidaemic volunteers: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Br J Nutr. 2004 Oct;92(4):701–6.

Turpeinen AK, Kuikka J, et al. Long-term effect of acetyl-L-carnitine on myocardial 123I-M IBG uptake in patients with diabetes. Clin Auton Res. 2005;10:13–6.

Tutuncu NB, Bayraktar M, et al. Reversal of defective nerve conduction with vitamin E supplementation in type 2 diabetes: A preliminary study. Diabetes Care. 1998 Nov;21(11):1915–8.

Velussi M, Cernigoi AM, et al. Long-term (12 months) treatment with an anti-oxidant drug (silymarin) is effective on hyperinsulinemia, exogenous insulin need and malondialdehyde levels in cirrhotic diabetic patients. J Hepatol. 1997 Apr;26(4):871–9.

Vincent AM, McLean LL, et al. Short-term hyperglycemia produces oxidative damage and apoptosis in neurons. FASEB J. 2005 Apr;19(6):638–40.

Warshafsky S, Kamer RS, et al. Effect of garlic on total serum cholesterol: A meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 1993 Oct 1;119(7 Pt 1):599–605.

Watts GF, Playford DA, et al. Coenzyme Q(10) improves endothelial dysfunction of the brachial artery in Type II diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia. 2002 Mar;45(3):420–6.

Wilburn AJ, King DS, et al. The natural treatment of hypertension. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2004 May;6(5):242–8.

Will JC, Byers T. Does diabetes mellitus increase the requirement for vitamin C? Nutr Rev. 1996 Jul;54(7):193–202.

Wright E Jr., Scism-Bacon JL, et al. Oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes: the role of fasting and postprandial glycaemia. Int J Clin Pract. 2006 Mar;60(3):308-14.

Xia Z, Nagareddy PR, et al. Antioxidant N-acetylcysteine restores systemic nitric oxide availability and corrects depressions in arterial blood pressure and heart rate in diabetic rats. Free Radic Res. 2006 Feb;40(2):175–84.

Yamashita R, Saito T, et al. Effects of dehydroepiandrosterone on gluconeogenic enzymes and glucose uptake in human hepatoma cell line, HepG2. Endocr J. 2005 Dec;52(6):727–33.

Yan H, Harding JJ. Carnosine protects against the inactivation of esterase induced by glycation and a steroid. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2005 Jun 30;1741(1-2):120–6.

Zhang H, Osada K, et al. A high biotin diet improves the impaired glucose tolerance of long-term spontaneously hyperglycemic rats with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 1996 Dec;42(6):517–26.

Ziegler D, Gries FA. Alpha-lipoic acid in the treatment of diabetic peripheral and cardiac autonomic neuropathy. Diabetes. 1997a Sep;46 Suppl 2:S62–S66.

Ziegler D, Schatz H, et al. Effects of treatment with the antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid on cardiac autonomic neuropathy in NIDDM patients: A 4-month randomized controlled multicenter trial (DEKAN Study). Deutsche Kardiale Autonome Neuropathie. Diabetes Care. 1997b Mar;20(3):369–73.