References
Al-Harthi L, Landay A. Immune recovery in HIV disease: role of the
thymus and T cell expansion in immune reconstitution strategies. J Hematother Stem Cell Res. 2002 Oct;11(5):777-86.
Alverdy JC. Effects of glutamine-supplemented diets on immunology of the gut. J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1990
Jul-Aug;14(suppl 4):109S-113S. Baltina LA. Chemical modification of
glycyrrhizic acid as a route to new bioactive compounds for medicine. Curr Med Chem. 2003 Jan;10(2):155-171.
Bart PA, Pantaleo G. The immunopathogenesis of HIV-1 infection. In: Cohen J, Powderly WG, et al, eds. Infectious Diseases. 2nd ed. St. Louis, Mo: Mosby; 2003:1235-50.
Baur A, Harrer T, et al. Alpha-lipoic acid is an effective inhibitor of human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV-1) replication. Klin Wochenschr. 1991 Oct 2;69(15):722-4.
Berzins SP, Uldrich AP, et al. Thymic regeneration: teaching an old immune system new tricks. Trends Mol Med. 2002 Oct;8(10):469-76.
Bjugstad KB, Flitter WD, et al. Preventive actions of a synthetic antioxidant in a novel animal model of AIDS dementia. Brain Res. 1998 Jun 8;795(1-2):349-57.
Briante R, La Cara F, et al. Antioxidant activity of the main
bioactive derivatives from oleuropein hydrolysis by hyperthermophilic
beta-glycosidase. J Agric Food Chem. 2001 Jul;49(7):3198-203.
Butensky EA. The role of nutrition in pediatric HIV/AIDS: a review of micronutrient research. J Pediatr Nurs. 2001 Dec;16(6):402-11.
Carael M, et al. [ Need name of second author.] Epidemiology of HIV infection. In: Cohen J, Powderly WG, et al, eds. Infectious Diseases. 2nd ed. St. Louis, Mo: Mosby; 2003:1197-208.
Carcelain G, Debre P, et al. Reconstitution of CD4+ T lymphocytes in HIV-infected individuals following antiretroviral therapy. Curr Opin Immunol. 2001 Aug;13(4):483-8.
Carpenter CC, Fischl MA, et al. Antiretroviral therapy for HIV
infection in 1998: updated recommendations of the International AIDS
Society-USA Panel. JAMA. 1998 Jul 1;280(1):78-86.
Chariot P, Bignani O. Skeletal muscle disorders associated with selenium deficiency in humans. Muscle Nerve. 2003 Jun;27(6):662-8.
Christeff N, Nunez EA, et al. Changes in cortisol/DHEA ratio in
HIV-infected men are related to immunological and metabolic
perturbations leading to malnutrition and lipodystrophy. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2000;917:962-70.
Cifone MG, Alesse E, et al. Effect of L-carnitine treatment in vivo on apoptosis and ceramide generation in peripheral blood lymphocytes from AIDS patients. Proc Assoc Am Physicians. 1997 Mar;109(2):146-53.
Clerici M, Galli M, et al. Immunoendocrinologic abnormalities in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2000;917:956-61.
Cohen OJ, Fauci AS. Pathogenesis and medical aspects of HIV-1 infection. In: Knipe DM, Howley PM, et al, eds. Fields Virology. 4th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2001:2043-94.
Combadiere B, Carcelain G, et al. Plasticity of lymphoid compartments during HIV infection and treatments: hopes and limits. Microbes Infect. 2002 Apr;4(5):575-80.
Coodley GO, Nelson HD, et al. Beta-carotene in HIV infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1993 Mar;6(3):272-6.
Dean HD, Steele CB, et al. HIV/AIDS among minority races and ethnicities in the United States: 1999-2003. J Natl Med Assoc. 2005 Jul;97(suppl 7):5S-12S.
Defer MC, Dugas B, et al. Impairment of circulating lactoferrin in HIV-1 infection. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand). 1995 May;41(3):417-21.
Ehrenpreis ED, Carlson SJ, et al. Malabsorption and deficiency of vitamin B12 in HIV-infected patients with chronic diarrhea. Dig Dis Sci. 1994 Oct;39(10):2159-62.
Evangeliou A, Vlassopoulos D. Carnitine metabolism and deficit: when supplementation is necessary? Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2003 Jun;4(3):211-9.
Fauci AS, Lane HC. Human immunodeficiency virus disease: AIDS and related disorders. In: Kasper DL, Braunwald E, et al, eds . Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 16th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2004:1076-1139.
Fauci AS, Pantaleo G, et al. Immunopathogenic mechanisms of HIV infection. Ann Intern Med. 1996 Apr 1;124(7):654-63.
Favalli C, Mastino A, et al. Synergistic effect of thymosin alpha 1
and alpha beta-interferon on NK activity in tumor-bearing mice . Int J Immunopharmacol. 1989;11(5):443-50.
Fawzi WW, Msamanga GI, et al. A randomized trial of multivitamin supplements and HIV disease progression and mortality. N Engl J Med. 2004 Jul 1;351(1):23-32.
Ferencik M, Ebringer L. Modulatory effects of selenium and zinc on the immune system. Folia Microbiol (Praha). 2003;48(3):417-26.
Ferrando SJ, Rabkin JG, et al. Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate
(DHEAS) and testosterone: relation to HIV illness stage and progression
over one year. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1999 Oct 1;22(2):146-54.
Flora K, Hahn M, et al. Milk thistle ( Silybum marianum ) for the therapy of liver disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 1998 Feb;93(2):139-43.
Folkers K, Hanioka T, et al. Coenzyme Q10 increases T4/T8 ratios of
lymphocytes in ordinary subjects and relevance to patients having the
AIDS related complex. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1991 Apr 30;176(2):786-91.
Foster HD. How HIV-1 causes AIDS: implications for prevention and treatment. Med Hypotheses. 2004;62(4):549-53.
Fryburg DA, Mark RJ, et al. The effect of supplemental beta-carotene
on immunologic indices in patients with AIDS: a pilot study. Yale J Biol Med. 1995
Jan-Apr;68(1-2):19-23. Hansen BR, Haugaard SB, et al. Impact of
switching antiretroviral therapy on lipodystrophy and other metabolic
complications: a review. Scand J Infect Dis. 2004;36(4):244-53.
Harakeh S, Jariwalla RJ. Comparative study of the anti-HIV
activities of ascorbate and thiol-containing reducing agents in
chronically HIV-infected cells. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991 Dec;54(suppl 6):1231S-1235S.
Hirschel B. Primary HIV infection. In: Cohen J, Powderly WG, et al, eds. Infectious Diseases. 2nd ed. St. Louis, Mo: Mosby; 2003:1257-62.
Hori K, Hatfield D, et al. Selenium supplementation suppresses tumor
necrosis factor alpha-induced human immunodeficiency virus type 1
replication in vitro . AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1997 Oct 10;13(15):1325-32.
Jacobson MA, Fusaro RE, et al. Decreased serum
dehydroepiandrosterone is associated with an increased progression of
human immunodeficiency virus infection in men with CD4 cell counts of
200-499. J Infect Dis. 1991 Nov;164(5):864-8.
Kawai K, Tsuno NH, et al. Epigallocatechin gallate, the main
component of tea polyphenol, binds to CD4 and interferes with gp120
binding. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003 Nov;112(5):951-7.
Kopicko JJ, Momodu I, et al. Characteristics of HIV-infected men with low serum testosterone levels. Int J STD AIDS. 1999 Dec;10(12):817-20.
Kuritzkes DR. Diagnostic tests for HIV infection and resistance assays. In: Cohen J, Powderly WG, et al, eds. Infectious Diseases. 2nd ed. St. Louis, Mo: Mosby; 2003:1369-78.
Liang C, Wainberg MA. Virology of HIV. In: Cohen J, Powderly WG, et al, eds. Infectious Diseases. 2nd ed. St. Louis, Mo: Mosby; 2003:1251-6.
Lissoni P, Barni S, et al. Endocrine and immune effects of melatonin therapy in metastatic cancer patients. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol. 1989 May;25(5):789-95.
Look MP, Rockstroh JK, et al. Serum selenium versus lymphocyte
subsets and markers of disease progression and inflammatory response in
human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1997 Jan;56(1):31-41.
Maestroni GJ. The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin. J Pineal Res. 1993 Jan;14(1):1-10.
Maestroni GJ. Therapeutic potential of melatonin in immunodeficiency states, viral diseases, and cancer. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1999;467:217-26.
Manfredi R. HIV disease and advanced age: an increasing therapeutic challenge. Drugs Aging. 2002;19(9):647-669.
Markovic I, Clouse KA. Recent advances in understanding the
molecular mechanisms of HIV-1 entry and fusion: revisiting current
targets and considering new options for therapeutic intervention. Curr HIV Res. 2004 Jul;2(3)223-34.
Marshall K. Therapeutic applications of whey protein. Altern Med Rev. 2004 Jun;9(2):136-56.
Masur H, Ognibene FP, et al. CD4 counts as predictors of
opportunistic pneumonias in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
infection. Ann Intern Med. 1989 Aug 1;111(3):223-31.
McComsey G, Southwell H, et al. Effect of antioxidants on glucose
metabolism and plasma lipids in HIV-infected subjects with lipoatrophy.
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2003 Aug 15;33(5):605-7.
McDermid JM, Lalonde RG, et al. Associations between dietary
antioxidant intake and oxidative stress in HIV-seropositive and
HIV-seronegative men and women. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2002 Feb 1;29(2):158-64.
Meissner EG, Duus KM, et al. HIV-1 replication and pathogenesis in the human thymus. Curr HIV Res. 2003 Jul;1(3):275-85.
Micke P, Beeh KM, et al. Effects of long-term supplementation with
whey proteins on plasma glutathione levels of HIV-infected patients. Eur J Nutr. 2002 Feb;41(1):12-8.
Mollace V, Nottet HS, et al. Oxidative stress and neuroAIDS: triggers, modulators and novel antioxidants. Trends Neurosci. 2001 Jul;24(7):411-6.
Moody TW, Fagarasan M, et al. Thymosin alpha 1 down-regulates the growth of human non-small cell lung cancer cells in vitro and in vivo . Cancer Res. 1993 Nov 1;53(21):5214-8.
Mulder JW, Frissen PH, et al. Dehydroepiandrosterone as predictor
for progression to AIDS in asymptomatic human immunodeficiency
virus-infected men. J Infect Dis. 1992 Mar;165(3):413-8.
Mutchnick MG, Appelman HD, et al. Thymosin treatment of chronic hepatitis B: a placebo-controlled pilot trial. Hepatology. 1991 Sep;14(3):409-15.
Mutomba MC, Yuan H, et al. Regulation of the activity of caspases by L-carnitine and palmitoylcarnitine. FEBS Lett. 2000 Jul 28;478(1-2):19-25.
Newsholme EA, Crabtree B, et al. Glutamine metabolism in lymphocytes: its biochemical, physiological and clinical importance. Q J Exp Physiol. 1985 Oct;70(4):473-89.
O'Brien WA, Hartigan PM, et al. Changes in plasma HIV-1 RNA and CD4+
lymphocyte counts and the risk of progression to AIDS: Veterans Affairs
Cooperative Study Group on AIDS. N Engl J Med. 1996 Feb 15;334(7):426-31.
Pande V, Ramos MJ. Nuclear factor kappa B: a potential target for anti-HIV chemotherapy. Curr Med Chem. 2003 Aug;10(16):1603-15.
Paton NI, Newton PJ, et al. Short-term growth hormone administration
at the time of opportunistic infections in HIV-positive patients. AIDS. 1999 Jul 9;13(10):1195-1202.
Patrick L. Nutrients and HIV: part three—N-acetylcysteine, alpha-lipoic acid, L-glutamine, and L-carnitine. Altern Med Rev. 2000 Aug;5(4):290-305.
Patrick L. Nutrients and HIV: part two—vitamins A and E, zinc, B-vitamins, and magnesium. Altern Med Rev. 2000 Feb;5(1):39-51.
Piatak M Jr, Saag MS, et al. High levels of HIV-1 in plasma during all stages of infection determined by competitive PCR. Science. 1993 Mar 19;259(5102):1749-54.
Rabkin JG, Wagner GJ, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled
trial of testosterone therapy for HIV-positive men with hypogonadal
symptoms. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000 Feb;57(2):141-7.
Remacha AF, Riera A, et al. Vitamin B-12 abnormalities in HIV-infected patients. Eur J Haematol. 1991 Jul;47(1):60-4.
Renis HE. Inactivation of myxoviruses by calcium elenolate. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1975 Aug;8(2):194-9.
Renis HE. In vitro antiviral activity of calcium elenolate. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1969;9:167-72.
Rietschel P, Corcoran C, et al. Prevalence of hypogonadism among men
with weight loss related to human immunodeficiency virus infection who
were receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2000 Nov;31(5):1240-4.
Rivas CI, Vera JC, et al. Increased uptake and accumulation of
vitamin C in human immunodeficiency virus 1-infected hematopoietic cell
lines. J Biol Chem. 1997 Feb 28;272(9):5814-20.
Roch-Arveiller M, Fontagne J, et al. Effect of an immunomodulating
agent, RU 414740, on polymorphonuclear responsiveness after burn
injury. Inflammation. 1991 Dec;15(6):437-45.
Rousseau MC, Molines C, et al. Influence of highly active
antiretroviral therapy on micronutrient profiles in HIV-infected
patients. Ann Nutr Metab. 2000;44(5-6):212-216.
Rudy BJ, Crowley-Nowick PA, et al. Immunology and the REACH study:
HIV immunology and preliminary findings. Reaching for Excellence in
Adolescent Care and Health. J Adolesc Health. 2001 Sep;29(suppl 3):39-48.
Rule SA, Hooker M, et al. Serum vitamin B12 and transcobalamin levels in early HIV disease. Am J Hematol. 1994 Nov;47(3):167-71.
Ryan LA, Zheng J, et al. Plasma levels of soluble CD14 and tumor
necrosis factor-alpha type II receptor correlate with cognitive
dysfunction during human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. J Infect Dis. 2001
Sep 15;184(6):699-706. Salomon J, de Truchis P, et al. Body composition
and nutritional parameters in HIV and AIDS patients. Clin Chem Lab Med . 2002 Dec;40(12):1329-33. Review.
Salvati F, Rasi G, et al. Combined treatment with thymosin-alpha1
and low-dose interferon-alpha after ifosfamide in non-small cell lung
cancer: a phase-II controlled trial. Anticancer Res. 1996 Mar-Apr;16(2):1001-4.
Seilhean D, Kobayashi K, et al. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha, microglia and astrocytes in AIDS dementia complex. Acta Neuropathol (Berl). 1997 May;93(5):508-17.
Serrate SA, Schulof RS, et al. Modulation of human natural killer
cell cytotoxic activity, lymphokine production, and interleukin 2
receptor expression by thymic hormones. J Immunol. 1987 Oct 1;139(7):2338-43.
Shabert JK, Winslow C, et al. Glutamine-antioxidant supplementation
increases body cell mass in AIDS patients with weight loss: a
randomized, double-blind controlled trial. Nutrition. 1999 Nov-Dec;15(11-12):860-4.
Shor-Posner G, Lecusay R, et al. Neuroprotection in HIV-positive drug users: implications for antioxidant therapy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2002a Oct 1;31(suppl 2):S84-S88.
Shor-Posner G, Miguez MJ, et al. Impact of selenium status on the
pathogenesis of mycobacterial disease in HIV-1-infected drug users
during the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2002b Feb 1;29(2):169-73.
Sido B, Hack V, et al. Impairment of intestinal glutathione synthesis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gut. 1998 Apr;42(4):485-92.
Sjogren MH. Thymalfasin: an immune system enhancer for the treatment of liver disease. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004 Dec;19(12):S69-S72.
Skurnick JH, Bogden JD, et al. Micronutrient profiles in HIV-1-infected heterosexual adults. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 1996 May 1;12(1):75-83.
Souba WW, Smith RJ, et al. Glutamine metabolism by the intestinal tract. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1985 Sep-Oct;9(5):608-17.
Standish LJ, Greene KB, et al. Alternative medicine use in
HIV-positive men and women: demographics, utilization patterns and
health status. AIDS Care. 2001 Apr;13(2):197-208.
Suzuki YJ, Aggarwal BB, et al. Alpha-lipoic acid is a potent inhibitor of NF-kappa B activation in human T cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1992 Dec 30;189(3):1709-15.
Svedersky LP, Hui A, et al. Induction and augmentation of
mitogen-induced immune interferon production in human peripheral blood
lymphocytes by N alpha-desacetylthymosin alpha 1. Eur J Immunol. 1982 Mar;12(3):244-7.
Swart PJ, Kuipers EM, et al. Lactoferrin: antiviral activity of lactoferrin. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1998;443:205-13.
Swart PJ, Kuipers ME, et al. Antiviral effects of milk proteins:
acylation results in polyanionic compounds with potent activity against
human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 in vitro . AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1996 Jun 10;12(9):769-75.
Tantcheva LP, Stoeva ES, et al. Effect of vitamin E and vitamin C combination on experimental influenza virus infection. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 2003 May;25(4):259-64.
Tolando R, Jovanovic A, et al. Reactive oxygen species and
proinflammatory cytokine signaling in endothelial cells: effect of
selenium supplementation. Free Radic Biol Med. 2000 Mar 15;28(6):979-86.
Townsend DM, Tew KD, et al. The importance of glutathione in human disease. Biomed Pharmacother. 2003 May-Jun;57(3-4):145-55.
van der Strate BW, Beljaars L, et al. Antiviral activities of lactoferrin. Antiviral Res. 2001 Dec;52(3):225-39.
Wellinghausen N, Kern WV, et al. Zinc serum level in human
immunodeficiency virus-infected patients in relation to immunological
status. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2000 Feb;73(2):139-49.
Wu G, Fang YZ, et al. Glutathione metabolism and its implications for health. J Nutr. 2004 Mar;134(3):489-92.
Yamashita S, Yamamoto Y. Simultaneous detection of ubiquinol and ubiquinone in human plasma as a marker of oxidative stress. Anal Biochem. 1997 Jul 15;250(1):66-73.