References
Abell CW, Kwan SW. Molecular characterization of monoamine oxidases A and B. Prog Nucleic Acid Res Mol Biol. 2001;65:12956.
Al-Zuhair H, Abd el-Fattah A, et al. The effect of meclofenoxate
with ginkgo biloba extract or zinc on lipid peroxide, some free radical
scavengers and the cardiovascular system of aged rats. Pharmacol Res.
1998 Jul;38(1):6572.
Aleman A, Muller M, et al. Vascular risk factors and cognitive
function in a sample of independently living men. Neurobiol Aging. 2005
Apr;26(4):485-90.
Amenta D, Ferrante F, et al. Effects of long-term Hydergine
administration on lipofuscin accumulation in senescent rat brain.
Gerontology. 1988;34(56):2506.
Amenta F, Tayebati SK, et al. Association with the cholinergic
precursor choline alphoscerate and the cholinesterase inhibitor
rivastigmine: An approach for enhancing cholinergic neurotransmission.
Mech Ageing Dev. 2005 Nov 14; [Epub ahead of print].
Ames BN, Liu J. Delaying the mitochondrial decay of aging with acetylcarnitine. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2004 Nov;1033:10816.
Andres-Laceuva C, Shukitt-Hale B, et al. Anthocyanins in aged
blueberry-fed rats are found centrally and may enhance memory. Nutr
Neurosci. 2005 Apr;8(2):11120.
Balestreri R, Fontana L, et al. A double-blind placebo controlled
evaluation of the safety and efficacy of vinpocetine in the treatment
of patients with chronic vascular senile cerebral dysfunction. J Am
Geriatr Soc. 1987 May;35(5):42530.
Barrett-Connor E, Goodman-Gruen D, et al. Endogenous sex hormones
and cognitive function in older men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999
Oct;84(10):36815.
Bartus RT, Dean RL III, et al. Profound effects of combining choline
and piracetam on memory enhancement and cholinergic function in aged
rats. Neurobiol Aging. 1981;2(2):10511.
Beers MH, Berkow R, eds. The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy. 17th ed. Whitehouse Station, N.J.: Merck & Co.; 1999.
Boismare F, Le Poncin M, et al. Biochemical and behavioural effects
of hypoxic hypoxia in rats: Study of the protection afforded by ergot
alkaloids. Gerontology. 1978;24 Suppl 1:613.
Bonavita E. Study of the efficacy and tolerability of
acetyl-L-carnitine therapy in the senile brain. Int J Clin Pharmacol
Ther Toxicol. 1986;24:5116.
Busse A, Bischkopf J, et al. Subclassifications for mild cognitive
impairment: prevalence and predictive validity. Psychol Med. 2003
Aug;33(6):1029-38.
Cahn J, Borzeix MG. [Cerebral blood flow and metabolism, and
neurologic deficit in an experimental infarction: Application to the
study of an ergot derivative]. Presse Med. 1983 Dec 29;12(48):305860.
Canonico PL, Aronica E, et al. Repeated injections of piracetam
improve spatial learning and increase the stimulation of inositol
phospholipid hydrolysis by excitatory amino acids in aged rats. Funct
Neurol. 1991 Apr;6(2):10711.
Capurso A, Panza F, et al. Age-related cognitive decline: Evaluation
and prevention strategy. Recenti Prog Med. 2000 Mar;91(3):12734.
Carmel R. Subtle cobalamin deficiency. Ann Intern Med. 1996 Feb 1;124(3):33840.
Casson P, Faquin L, et al. Replacement of dehydroepiandrosterone
enhances T-lymphocyte insulin binding in postmenopausal women. Fertil
Steril. 1995;63:102731.
Corrigan FM, Horrobin DF, et al. Abnormal content of n-6 and n-3
long-chain unsaturated fatty acids in the phosphoglycerides and
cholesterol esters of parahippocampal cortex from Alzheimers disease
patients and its relationship to acetyl CoA content. Int J Biochem Cell
Biol. 1998 Feb;30(2):197207.
Davis JD, Stern RA, et al. Cognitive and neuropsychiatric aspects of
subclinical hypothyroidism: Significance in the elderly. Curr
Psychiatry Rep. 2003 Oct;5(5):38490.
Deijen JB, Van der Beek EJ, et al. Vitamin B-6 supplementation in
elderly men: Effects on mood, memory, performance and mental effort.
Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1992;109(4):48996.
Dhuley JN. Nootropic-like effect of ashwagandha (Withania somnifera L.) in mice. Phytother Res. 2001 Sep;15(6):5248.
Ditch M, Kelly FJ, et al. An ergot preparation (hydergine) in the
treatment of cerebrovascular disorders in the geriatric patient:
Double-blind study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1971 Mar;19(3):20817.
Dorman WB, Cote L, et al. Effects of an extract of Ginkgo biloba on
bromethalin-induced cerebral lipid peroxidation and edema in rats. Am J
Vet Res. 1992;53(1):13842.
Dormehl IC, Jordaan B, et al. SPECT monitoring of improved cerebral
blood flow during long-term treatment of elderly patients with
nootropic drugs. Clin Nucl Med. 1999 Jan;24(1):2934.
Emmenegger H, Meier-Ruge W. The actions of Hydergine on the brain: A
histochemical, circulatory and neurophysiological study. Pharmacology.
1968;1(1):6578.
Ferrari E, Casarotti D, et al. Age-related changes of the adrenal
secretory pattern: Possible role in pathological brain aging. Brain Res
Rev. 2001 Nov;37(13):294300.
Ferrari E, Mirani M, et al. Cognitive and affective disorders in the
elderly: A neuroendocrine study. Arch Gerontol Geriatr Suppl.
2004;(9):17182.
Fioravanti MFE. Low folate levels in the cognitive decline of
elderly patients and the efficacy of folate as a treatment for
improving memory deficits. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 1997;26(1):113.
Fontani G, Corradeschi F, et al. Cognitive and physiological effects
of Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in healthy
subjects. Eur J Clin Invest. 2005 Nov;35(11):691-9.
Gaal L, Molnar P. Effect of vinpocetine on noradrenergic neurons in
rat locus coeruleus. Eur J Pharmacol. 1990 Oct 23;187(3):5379.
Gallai V, Mazzotta G, et al. A clinical and neurophysiological trial
on nootropic drugs in patients with mental decline. Acta Neurol
(Napoli). 1991 Feb;13(1):1-12.
Gebner B, Voelp A, et al. Study of the long-term action of a Ginkgo
biloba extract on vigilance and mental performance as determined by
means of quantitative pharmaco-EEG and psychometric measurements.
Arzneim-Forsch. 1985;35:145965.
Goodenough S, Engert S, et al. Testosterone stimulates rapid
secretory amyloid precursor protein release from rat hypothalamic cells
via the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway.
Neurosci Lett. 2000 Dec 15;296(1):4952.
Gouras GK, Xu H, et al. Testosterone reduces neuronal secretion of
Alzheimers beta-amyloid peptides. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000 Feb
1;97(3):12025.
Hadjiev D, Yancheva S. Rheoencephalographic and psychological
studies with ethyl apovincaminate in cerebral vascular insufficiency.
Arzneimittelforschung. 1976;26(10a):194750.
Heiss WD, Hebold I, et al. Effect of piracetam on cerebral glucose
metabolism in Alzheimers disease as measured by positron emission
tomography. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1988 Aug;8(4):6137.
Heiss WD, Szelies B, et al. Abnormalities of energy metabolism in
Alzheimers disease studied with PET. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1991;640:6571.
Hogervorst E, Williams J, et al. Serum total testosterone is lower
in men with Alzheimers disease. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2001
Jun;22(3):1638.
Huang P, Feng G, et al. [Effect of Ginkgo biloba L leaves on
oxidation of human low density lipoproteins in vitro]. Wei Sheng Yan
Jiu. 2004a Jul;33(4):4534, 2 p following 520.
Huang P, Li J, et al. [Comparison study on inhibitory effect of
extracts from leaves of Ginkgo biloba L. on the oxidation of human low
density lipoproteins]. Zhong Yao Cai. 2004b Sep;27(9):6546.
Joseph JA, Denisova NA, et al. Oxidative stress protection and
vulnerability in aging: Putative nutritional implications for
intervention. Mech Ageing Dev. 2000 Jul 31;116(23):14153.
Joseph JA, Denisova NA, et al. Blueberry supplementation enhances
signaling and prevents behavioral deficits in an Alzheimer disease
model. Nutr Neurosci. 2003 Jun;6(3):15362.
Joseph JA, Shukitt-Hale B, et al. Long-term dietary strawberry,
spinach, or vitamin E supplementation retards the onset of age-related
neuronal signal-transduction and cognitive behavioral deficits. J
Neurosci. 1998;18(19):804755.
Kalmijn S, Launer LJ, et al. Dietary fat intake and the risk of
incident dementia in the Rotterdam Study. Ann Neurol. 1997;42(5):77682.
Kar A, Panda S, et al. Relative efficacy of three medicinal plant
extracts in the alteration of thyroid hormone concentrations in male
mice. J Ethnopharmacol. 2002 Jul;81(2):2815.
Karasek M. Melatonin, human aging, and age-related diseases. Exp Gerontol. 2004 Nov-Dec;39(1112):172329.
Karlamangla AS, Singer BH, et al. Increase in epinephrine excretion
is associated with cognitive decline in elderly men: MacArthur studies
of successful aging. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2005 Jun;30(5):453-60.
Kidd PM. A review of nutrients and botanicals in the integrative
management of cognitive dysfunction. Altern Med Rev. 1999
Jun;4(3):14461.
Kitajka K, Sinclair AJ, et al. Effects of dietary omega-3
polyunsaturated fatty acids on brain gene expression. Proc Natl Acad
Sci U S A. 2004 Jul 27;101(30):10931-6.
Koc R, Akdemir H, et al. Lipid peroxidation in experimental spinal
cord injury: Comparison of treatment with Ginkgo biloba, TRH and
methylprednisone. Res Esp Med (Berlin). 1995;195(2):11723.
Koistinaho M, Koistinaho J. Interactions between Alzheimer's disease
and cerebral ischemia--focus on inflammation. Brain Res Brain Res Rev.
2005 Apr;48(2):240-50. Epub 2005 Jan 18. Review.
Lau FC, Shukitt-Hale B, et al. The beneficial effects of fruit
polyphenols on brain aging. Neurobiol Aging. 2005 Dec;26 Suppl
1:12832.
Le Bars PL, Kastelan J. Efficacy and safety of a Ginkgo biloba extract. Pub Health Nutr. 2000;3(4A):4959.
Likuw WJ, Cui JG, et al. A role for docosahexaenoic acid-derived
neuroprotectin D1 in neural cell survival and Alzheimer disease. J Clin
Invest. 2005 Oct;115(10):277483.
Low LF, Brodaty H, et al. The prevalence of "cognitive impairment no
dementia" in community-dwelling elderly: a pilot study. Aust N Z J
Psychiatry. 2004 Sep;38(9):725-31.
Luboshitzky R, Oberman AS, et al. Prevalence of cognitive
dysfunction and hypothyroidism in an elderly community population. Isr
J Med Sci. 1996 Jan;32(1):60-5.
Lustyik G, Nagy I. Alterations of the intracellular water and ion
concentrations in brain and liver cells during aging as revealed by
energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis of bulk specimens. Scan Electron
Microsc. 1985;(Pt 1):32337.
Markstein R. Hydergine: Interaction with the neurotransmitter
systems in the central nervous system. J Pharmacol. 1985;16 Suppl
3:117.
Matthews RT, Yang L, et al. Coenzyme Q10 administration increases
brain mitochondrial concentrations and exerts neuroprotective effects.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Jul 21;95(15):88927.
Mayo W, Le Moal M, et al. Pregnenolone sulfate and aging of
cognitive functions: Behavioral, neurochemical, and morphological
investigations. Horm Behav. 2001 Sep;40(2):2157.
McCann JC, Ames BN. Is docosahexaenoic acid, an n-3 long-chain
polyunsaturated fatty acid, required for development of normal brain
function? An overview of evidence from cognitive and behavioral tests
in humans and animals. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Aug;82(2):28195.
McDaniel MA, Maier SF, et al. Brain-specific nutrients: A memory cure? Nutrition. 2003 Nov-Dec;19(1112):95775.
Moger WH. In vitro inhibitory effect of estradiol on testosterone production. J Steroid Biochem. 1980 Jan;13(1):616.
Moriguchi T, Salem N Jr. Recovery of brain docosahexaenoate leads to
recovery of spatial task performance. J Neurochem. 2003
Oct;87(2):297309.
Nagasawa H, Kogure K, et al. Effects of co-dergocrine mesylate
(Hydergine) in multi-infarct dementia as evaluated by positron emission
tomography. Tohoku J Exp Med. 1990 Nov;162(3):22533.
Naoi M, Maruyama W, et al. Anti-apoptotic function of L-(-)deprenyl
(Selegiline) and related compounds. Neurobiology (Bp). 2000;8(1):6980.
Nosalova V, Machova J, et al. Protective action of vinpocetine
against experimentally induced gastric damage in rats.
Arzneimittelforschung. 1993 Sep;43(9):9815.
Olin J, Schneider L, et al. Hydergine for dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(2):CD000359. Review.
Orru S, Mascia V, et al. Association of monoamine oxidase B alleles
with age at onset in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neuromuscul Disord.
1999 Dec;9(8):5937.
Panza F, Solfrizzi V, et al. Mediterranean diet and cognitive decline. Public Health Nutr. 2004 Oct;7(7):95963.
Parnetti L, Amenta F, Gallai V. Choline alphoscerate in cognitive
decline and in acute cerebrovascular disease: an analysis of published
clinical data. Mech Ageing Dev. 2001 Nov;122(16):2041-55.
Passeri M, Cucinotta D, et al. Acetyl-L-carnitine in the treatment
of mildly demented elderly patients. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res.
1990;10(12):7579.
Patro N, Sharma SP, et al. Lipofuscin accumulation in ageing
myocardium & its removal by meclophenoxate. Indian J Med Res. 1992
Jun;96:1928.
Pereira C, Agostinho P, et al. Vinpocetine attenuates the metabolic
dysfunction induced by amyloid beta-peptides in PC12 cells. Free Radic
Res. 2000 Nov;33(5):497506.
Perrig WJ, Perrig P, et al. The relation between antioxidants and
memory performance in the old and very old. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1997
Jun;45(6):71824.
Petkov VV, Kehayov R, et al. Memory effects of standardized extracts
of Panax ginseng (G115), Ginkgo biloba (GK501), and their combination
Gincosan (PHL-00701). Planta Medica. 1993;59:10614.
Pike CJ. Testosterone attenuates beta-amyloid toxicity in cultured hippocampal neurons. Brain Res. 2001 Nov 16;919(1):1605.
Porrino LJ, Daunais JB, et al. Facilitation of task performance and
removal of the effects of sleep deprivation by an ampakine (CX717) in
nonhuman primates. PLoS Biol. 2005 Sep;3(9):e299. Epub 2005 Aug 23.
Pragina LL, Voronina TA, et al. [The effect of piracetam and
nicergoline on conditioned-reflex memory under conditions of extreme
exposure] Farmakol Toksikol. 1990 May-Jun;53(3):8-10.
Qian ZN, Gu ZL, et al. [Effects of piracetam on Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase
and monoamine oxidase in rat brain and its antioxidation effect].
Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao. 1992 Jan;13(1):4850.
Rabkin JG, Wagner GJ, et al. Testosterone therapy for human
immunodeficiency virus-positive men with and without hypogonadism. J
Clin Psychopharmacol. 1999 Feb;19(1):1927.
Racchi M, Govoni S, et al. DHEA and the relationship with aging and
memory: A possible link with protein kinase C functional machinery.
Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 2001 Nov;37(13):28793.
Rai G, Wright G, et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled study with
acetyl-L-carnitine in patients with Alzheimers dementia. Curr Med Res
Opin. 1990;11:63847.
Roodenrys S, Booth D, et al. Chronic effects of Brahmi (Bacopa
monnieri) on human memory. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2002
Aug;27(2):27981.
Russo A, Izzo AA, et al. Free radical scavenging capacity and
protective effect of Bacopa monniera L. on DNA damage. Phytother Res.
2003 Sep;17(8):870-5.
Santos MS, Duarte AI, et al. Synaptosomal response to oxidative
stress: Effect of vinpocetine. Free Radic Res. 2000 Jan;32(1):5766.
Schindler AE. Thyroid function and postmenopause. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2003 Feb;17(1):79-85. Review.
Schreiber S, Kampf-Sherf O, et al. An open trial of plant-source
derived phosphatydilserine for treatment of age-related cognitive
decline. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci. 2000;37(4):3027.
Schweiger U, Deuschle M, et al. Testosterone, gonadotropin, and
cortisol secretion in male patients with major depression. Psychosom
Med. 1999 May-Jun;61(3):2926.
Scorziello A, Meucci O, et al. Acetyl-L-carnitine arginine amide
prevents beta 2535-induced neurotoxicity in cerebellar granule cells.
Neurochem Res. 1997 Mar;22(3):25765.
Seidman SN, Walsh BT. Testosterone and depression in aging men. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1999;7(1):1833.
Senin U, Abate G, et al. Aniracetam (Ro 135057) in the treatment of
senile dementia of Alzheimer type (SDAT): Results of a placebo
controlled multicenter clinical study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 1991
Dec;1(4):5117.
Sharma D, Singh R. Centrophenoxine activates acetylcholinesterase
activity in hippocampus of aged rats. Indian J Exp Biol. 1995
May;33(5):3658.
Solfrizzi V, DIntrono A, et al. Dietary fatty acids intake:
Possible role in cognitive decline and dementia. Exp Gerontol. 2005
Apr;40(4):25770.
Solfrizzi V, Panza F, et al. High monounsaturated fatty acids intake
protects against age-related cognitive decline. Neurology. 1999 May
12;52(8):15639.
Solfrizzi V, Panza F, et al. The role of diet in cognitive decline. J Neural Transm. 2003 Jan;110(1):95110.
Sozmen EY, Kanit L, et al. Possible supportive effects of
co-dergocrine mesylate on antioxidant enzyme systems in aged rat brain.
Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 1998 Feb;8(1):136.
Stancheva SL, Petkov VD, et al. Effects of the nootropic agents
adafenoxate and meclofenoxate on brain biogenic monoamines in aged
rats. Acta Physiol Pharmacol Bulg. 1988;14(1):1421.
Stough C, Lloyd J, et al. The chronic effects of an extract of
Bacopa monniera (Brahmi) on cognitive function in healthy human
subjects. Psychopharmacology (Berlin). 2001 Aug;156(4):4814.
Taglialatela G, Navarra D, et al. Neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells
stimulated by acetyl-L-carnitine arginine amide. Neurochem Res. 1995
Jan;20(1):19.
Tan RS, Pu SJ. The andropause and memory loss: Is there a link
between androgen decline and dementia in the aging male? Asian J
Androl. 2001 Sep;3(3):16974.
Tariska P, Paksy A. [Cognitive enhancement effect of piracetam in
patients with mild cognitive impairment and dementia]. Orv Hetil. 2000
May 28;141(22):1189-93.
Thomas T. Monoamine oxidase-B inhibitors in the treatment of Alzheimers disease. Neurobiol Aging. 2000 Mar;21(2):3438.
Tohda C, Kuboyama T, et al. Dendrite extension by methanol extract
of Ashwagandha (roots of Withania somnifera) in SK-N-SH cells.
Neuroreport. 2000 Jun 26;11(9):19815.
Tohda C, Kuboyama T, et al. Search for natural products related to
regeneration of the neuronal network. Neurosignals. 2005;14(12):3445.
Turner N, Else PL, et al. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content of
membranes determines molecular activity of the sodium pump:
implications for disease states and metabolism. Naturwissenschaften.
2003 Nov;90(11):521-3.
VonDras DD, Powless MR, et al. Differential effects of everyday
stress on the episodic memory test performances of young, mid-life, and
older adults. Aging Ment Health. 2005 Jan;9(1):6070.
Vorberg G. Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE): A long-term study of chronic
cerebral insufficiency in geriatric patients. Clin Trials J.
1985;22:14957.
Weill-Engerer S, David JP, et al. Neurosteroid quantification in
human brain regions: Comparison between Alzheimers and nondemented
patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Nov;87(11):513843.
Wesnes KA, Ward T, et al. The memory enhancing effects of a Ginkgo
biloba/Panax ginseng combination in healthy middle-aged volunteers.
Psychopharmacology (Berlin). 2000;152(4):35361.
Wood WG, Gorka C, et al. Fluidizing effects of centrophenoxine in
vitro on brain and liver membranes from different age groups of mice.
Life Sci. 1986 Dec 1;39(22):208995.
Wright AS, Douglas RC, et al. Androgen-induced regrowth in the
castrated rat ventral prostate: Role of 5alpha-reductase.
Endocrinology. 1999 Oct;140(10):450915.
Xu SS, Gao ZX, et al. Efficacy of tablet Huperzine A on memory,
cognition, and behavior in Alzheimers disease. Chung Kuo Yao Ki Hsueh
Pao. 1995;16:3915.
Yaffe K, Ettinger B, et al. Neuropsychiatric function and
dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in elderly women: A prospective study.
Biol Psychiatry. 1998 May 1;43(9):694700.
Yen S, Morales A, et al. Replacement of DHEA in aging men and women:
Potential remedial effects. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1995;774:12842.
Yoshikawa T, Naito Y, et al. Ginkgo biloba leaf extract: Review of
biological actions and clinical applications. Antioxid Redox Signal.
1999;1(4):46980.
Zhang RW, Tang XC, et al. Drug evaluation of Huperzine A in the
treatment of senile memory disorders. Chung Kuo Yao Ki Hsueh Pao.
1991;12:2502.
Zs-Nagy I. On the role of intracellular physicochemistry in
quantitative gene expression during aging and the effect of
centrophenoxine: A review. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 1989 Nov;9(3):21529.