Obesity
Updated: 01/25/2006

References

Abate N, Haffner SM et al. Sex steroid hormones, upper body obesity, and insulin resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab . 2002 Oct;87(10):4522–4527.

Ackroff K, Sclafani A. Effects of the lipase inhibitor orlistat on intake and preference for dietary fat in rats. Am J Physiol . 1996 Jul;271(1 Pt 2):R48–R54.

AHA. Fiber. American Heart Association page. Available at: http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=4574. Accessed June 22, 2005.

Aller R, de Luis DA et al. Effect of soluble fiber intake in lipid and glucose levels in healthy subjects: a randomized clinical trial. Diabetes Res Clin Pract . 2004 Jul;65(1):7–11.

Andallu B, Suryakantham V et al. Effect of mulberry (Morus indica L.) therapy on plasma and erythrocyte membrane lipids in patients with type 2 diabetes. Clin Chim Acta . 2001 Dec;314(1–2):47–53.

Andersen T, Fogh J. Weight loss and delayed gastric emptying following a South American herbal preparation in overweight patients. J Hum Nutr Diet . 2001 Jun;14(3):243–250.

Anderson JW, Akanji AO. Treatment of diabetes with high fiber diets. In: Spiller GA, ed. Dietary Fiber in Human Nutrition. 2nd ed. Boca Raton , FL : CRC Press; 1993:443–470.

Anderson RA. Nutritional factors influencing the glucose/insulin system: chromium. J Am Coll Nutr . 1997 Oct;16(5):404–410.

Anderson RA, Cheng N et al. Elevated intakes of supplemental chromium improve glucose and insulin variables in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes . 1997;46:1786–1791.

Anisimov VN, Semenchenko AV et al. Insulin and longevity: antidiabetic biguanides as geroprotectors. Biogerontology . 2003;4(5):297–307.

Azizi F. Effect of dietary composition on fasting-induced changes in serum thyroid hormones and thyrotropin. Metabolism . 1978 Aug;27(8):935–942.

Bahadori B, Wallner S et al. Effects of chromium picolinate on insulin levels and glucose control in obese patients with type-II diabetes mellitus. Diabetes . 1999;48(suppl):A349 (abstr).

Beer SF, Bircham PM et al. The effect of a 72-h fast on plasma levels of pituitary, adrenal, thyroid, pancreatic and gastrointestinal hormones in healthy men and women. J Endocrinol . 1989 Feb;120(2):337–350.

Bernao A, Meseguer I et al. Effect of different doses of chromium picolinate on protein metabolism in infant rats. J Trace Elem Med Biol . 2004;18(1):33–39.

Bobyleva V, Bellei M et al. The effects of the ergosteroid 7-oxo-dehydroepiandrosterone on mitochondrial membrane potential: possible relationship to thermogenesis. Arch Biochem Biophys . 1997 May 1;341(1):122–128.

Bobyleva V, Kneer N et al. Concerning the mechanism of increased thermogenesis in rats treated with dehydroepiandrosterone. J Bioenerg Biomembr . 1993 Jun;25(3):313–321.

Borkman M, Storlien LH et al. The relation between insulin sensitivity and the fatty-acid composition of skeletal-muscle phospholipids. N Engl J Med . 1993 Jan 28;328(4):238–244.

Boyanov MA, Boneva Z et al. Testosterone supplementation in men with type 2 diabetes, visceral obesity and partial androgen deficiency. Aging Male . 2003 Mar;6(1):1–7.

Bralow L, Murray L. Physicians' Desk Reference . 58th ed. Montvale , NJ : Thomson; 2004.

Braunwald DE , Kasper DL et al. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine . 15th ed. New York : McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing Division; 2001.

Bray GA , Blackburn GL et al. Sibutramine produces dose-related weight loss. Obes Res . 1999 Mar;7(2):189–198.

Bray GA , Ryan DH et al. A double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial of sibutramine. Obes Res . 1996 May;4(3):263–270.

Broda O, Galton B et al. Hypothyroidism: The Unsuspected Illness . Toronto : Fitzhenry and Whiteside Limited; 1976.

Brown JM, Boysen MS et al. Isomer-specific regulation of metabolism and PPARgamma signaling by CLA in human preadipocytes. J Lipid Res . 2003 Jul;44(7):1287–1300.

Bulun SE, Zeitoun K et al. Aromatase in aging women. Semin Reprod Endocrinol . 1999;17(4):349–358.

Burman KD, Dimond RC et al. Glucose modulation of alterations in serum iodothyronine concentrations induced by fasting. Metabolism . 1979 Apr;28(4):291–299.

Byerley LO, Heber D. Metabolic effects of triiodothyronine replacement during fasting in obese subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab . 1996 Mar;81(3):968–976.

Cahill A, Lean ME. Review article: malnutrition and maltreatment—a comment on orlistat for the treatment of obesity. Aliment Pharmacol Ther . 1999 Aug;13(8):997–1002.

Calle EE, Thun MJ. Obesity and cancer. Oncogene . 2004 Aug 23;23(38):6365–6378.

Calle EE, Thun MJ et al. Body-mass index and mortality in a prospective cohort of U.S. adults. N Engl J Med . 1999 Oct 7;341(15):1097–1105.

Carlson HE, Drenick EJ et al. Alterations in basal and TRH-stimulated serum levels of thyrotropin, prolactin, and thyroid hormones in starved obese men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab . 1977 Oct;45(4):707–713.

Carlson M, Thompson RD. Liquid chromatographic determination of methylxanthines and catechins in herbal preparations containing guarana. J AOAC Int . 1998 Jul;81(4):691–701.

Carter WJ, Shakir KM et al. Effect of thyroid hormone on metabolic adaptation to fasting. Metabolism . 1975 Oct;24(10):1177–1183.

Casado A, Rodriguez VM et al. Sibutramine decreases body weight gain and increases energy expenditure in obese Zucker rats without changes in NPY and orexins. Nutr Neurosci . 2003 Apr;6(2):103–111.

Cefalu WT, Wang ZQ et al. Oral chromium picolinate improves carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and enhances skeletal muscle Glut-4 translocation in obese, hyperinsulinemic (JCR-LA corpulent) rats. J Nutr . 2002 Jun;132(6):1107–1114.

Chandalia M, Garg A et al. Beneficial effects of high dietary fiber intake in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med . 2000 May 11;342(19):1392–1398.

Chantre P, Lairon D. Recent findings of green tea extract AR25 (Exolise) and its activity for the treatment of obesity. Phytomedicine . 2002 Jan;9(1):3–8.

Cleland WH, Mendelson CR et al. Effects of aging and obesity on aromatase activity of human adipose cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab . 1985 Jan;60(1):174–177.

Connoley IP, Liu YL et al. Thermogenic effects of sibutramine and its metabolites. Br J Pharmacol . 1999 Mar;126(6):1487–1495.

Crawford V, Scheckenbach R et al. Effects of niacin-bound chromium supplementation on body composition in overweight African-American women. Diabetes Obes Metab . 1999 Nov;1(6):331–337.

Danforth E, Sims EAH et al. Correlation of serum triiodothyronine concentrations with dietary composition. Diabetes . 1975;24(406).

Davidson MB , Peters AL . An overview of metformin in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Med . 1997 Jan;102(1):99–110.

de Simone G, Romano C et al. Effects of sibutramine-induced weight loss on cardiovascular system in obese subjects. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis . 2005 Feb;15(1):24–30.

Didangelos TP, Thanopoulou AK et al . The ORLIstat and CArdiovascular risk profile in patients with metabolic syndrome and type 2 DIAbetes (ORLICARDIA) Study. Curr Med Res Opin . 2004 Sep;20(9):1393–1401.

Drent ML, Larsson I et al. Orlistat (Ro 18-0647), a lipase inhibitor, in the treatment of human obesity: a multiple dose study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord . 1995 Apr;19(4):221–226.

Dulloo AG, Duret C et al. Efficacy of a green tea extract rich in catechin polyphenols and caffeine in increasing 24-h energy expenditure and fat oxidation in humans. Am J Clin Nutr . 1999 Dec;70(6):1040–1045.

Espinola EB, Dias RF et al. Pharmacological activity of Guarana (Paullinia cupana Mart.) in laboratory animals. J Ethnopharmacol . 1997 Feb;55(3):223–229.

Faria AN, Ribeiro Filho FF et al. Effects of sibutramine on abdominal fat mass, insulin resistance and blood pressure in obese hypertensive patients. Diabetes Obes Metab . 2005 May;7(3):246–253.

Felson DT, Chaisson CE. Understanding the relationship between body weight and osteoarthritis. Baillieres Clin Rheumatol . 1997 Nov;11(4):671–681.

Flegal KM, Graubard BI et al. Excess deaths associated with underweight, overweight, and obesity. JAMA . 2005 Apr 20;293(15):1861–1867.

Fulop T, Larbi A et al. Insulin receptor and ageing. Pathol Biol ( Paris ) . 2003 Dec;51(10):574–580.

Gaciong Z, Placha G. Efficacy and safety of sibutramine in 2225 subjects with cardiovascular risk factors: short-term, open-label, observational study. J Hum Hypertens . 2005 May 19 . .

Gardner DF, Kaplan MM et al. Effect of tri-iodothyronine replacement on the metabolic and pituitary responses to starvation. N Engl J Med . 1979 Mar 15;300(11):579–584.

Garvey WT, Hermayer KL. Clinical implications of the insulin resistance syndrome. Clin Cornerstone . 1998;1(3):13–28.

Gaullier JM, Halse J et al. Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation for 1 y reduces body fat mass in healthy overweight humans. Am J Clin Nutr . 2004 Jun;79(6):1118–1125.

Ghosh D, Bhattacharya B et al. Role of chromium supplementation in Indians with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Nutr Biochem . 2002 Nov;13(11):690–697.

Giese SY, Neborsky R. Serotonin syndrome: potential consequences of Meridia combined with Demerol or fentanyl. Plast Reconstr Surg . 2001 Jan;107(1):293–294.

Giordano A, Centemeri C et al. Sibutramine-dependent brown fat activation in rats: an immunohistochemical study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord . 2002 Mar;26(3):354–360.

Greenfield JR, Campbell LV. Insulin resistance and obesity. Clin Dermatol . 2004 Jul;22(4):289–295.

Grundy SM, Blackburn G et al. Physical activity in the prevention and treatment of obesity and its comorbidities: evidence report of independent panel to assess the role of physical activity in the treatment of obesity and its comorbidities. Med Sci Sports Exerc . 1999 Nov;31(11):1493–1500.

Gumbiner B, Low CC et al. Effects of a monounsaturated fatty acid-enriched hypocaloric diet on cardiovascular risk factors in obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care . 1998 Jan;21(1):9–15.

Guy-Grand B, Drouin P et al. Effects of orlistat on obesity-related diseases—a six-month randomized trial. Diabetes Obes Metab . 2004 Sep;6(5):375–383.

Hanotin C, Thomas F et al. Efficacy and tolerability of sibutramine in obese patients: a dose-ranging study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord . 1998 Jan;22(1):32–38.

Hansen JB, Arkhammar PO et al. Inhibition of insulin secretion as a new drug target in the treatment of metabolic disorders. Curr Med Chem . 2004 Jun;11(12):1595–1615.

Harp JB. Orlistat for the long-term treatment of obesity. Drugs Today (Barc) . 1999 Feb;35(2):139–145.

Harris AR, Fang SL et al. Effect of starvation, nutriment replacement, and hypothyroidism on in vitro hepatic T4 to T3 conversion in the rat. Metabolism . 1978 Nov;27(11):1680–1690.

He J, Streiffer RH et al. Effect of dietary fiber intake on blood pressure: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Hypertens . 2004 Jan;22(1):73–80.

Heilbronn LK, Noakes M et al. Effect of energy restriction, weight loss, and diet composition on plasma lipids and glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care . 1999 Jun;22(6):889–895.

Heini AF, Lara-Castro C et al. Effect of hydrolyzed guar fiber on fasting and postprandial satiety and satiety hormones: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial during controlled weight loss. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord . 1998 Sep;22(9):906–909.

Hendler SS, Rorvik D et al. Physicians' Desk Reference for Nutritional Supplements . Montvale , NJ : Thomson; 2001.

Hoeger WW, Harris C et al. Four-week supplementation with a natural dietary compound produces favorable changes in body composition. Adv Ther . 1998 Sep;15(5):305–314.

Holte J, Gennarelli G et al. High prevalence of polycystic ovaries and associated clinical, endocrine, and metabolic features in women with previous gestational diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 Apr;83(4):1143–1150.

Howarth NC , Saltzman E et al. Dietary fiber and weight regulation. Nutr Rev . 2001 May;59(5):129–139.

Isler D, Moeglen C et al. Effect of the lipase inhibitor orlistat and of dietary lipid on the absorption of radiolabelled triolein, tri-gamma-linolenin and tripalmitin in mice. Br J Nutr . 1995 Jun;73(6):851–862.

Jordan J, Scholze J et al. Influence of Sibutramine on blood pressure: evidence from placebo-controlled trials. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord . 2005 May;29(5):509–516.

Kalman DS, Colker CM et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 3-acetyl-7-oxo-dehydroepiandrosterone in healthy overweight adults. Curr Therap Res . 2000;61(7):435–442.

Khaw KT, Barrett-Connor E. Lower endogenous androgens predict central adiposity in men. Ann Epidemiol . 1992 Sep;2(5):675–682.

Kiho T, Kato M et al. Effect of buformin and metformin on formation of advanced glycation end products by methylglyoxal. Clin Chim Acta . 2005 Aug;358(1–2):139–145.

Killinger DW, Perel E et al. The relationship between aromatase activity and body fat distribution. Steroids . 1987 Jul;50(1–3):61–72.

Klaus S, Pultz S et al. Epigallocatechin gallate attenuates diet-induced obesity in mice by decreasing energy absorption and increasing fat oxidation. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord . 2005 Jun;29(6):615–623.

Kley HK, Deselaers T et al. Enhanced conversion of androstenedione to estrogens in obese males. J Clin Endocrinol Metab . 1980 Nov;51(5):1128–1132.

Kopelman PG. Obesity as a medical problem. Nature . 2000 Apr 6;404(6778):635–643.

LabCorp. Blood Testing. LabCorp page. Available at: http://www.labcorp.com/datasets/labcorp/html/chapter/index.htm. Accessed 2005.

Lafrance L, Rabasa-Lhoret R et al. Effects of different glycaemic index foods and dietary fibre intake on glycaemic control in type 1 diabetic patients on intensive insulin therapy. Diabet Med . 1998 Nov;15(11):972–978.

Lardy H, Partridge B et al. Ergosteroids: induction of thermogenic enzymes in liver of rats treated with steroids derived from dehydroepiandrosterone. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A . 1995 Jul 3;92(14):6617–6619.

LeBlanc M, Thibault L. Effect of sibutramine on macronutrient selection in male and female rats. Physiol Behav . 2003 Nov;80(2–3):243–252.

Lee JR, Hopkins V et al. What Your Doctor May Not Tell You About Premenopause: Balance Your Hormones and Your Life from Thirty to Fifty . New York: Waner Books, Inc.; 1999.

Lee KN, Kritchevsky D et al. Conjugated linoleic acid and atherosclerosis in rabbits. Atherosclerosis . 1994 Jul;108(1):19–25.

Lefebvre PJ, Paolisso G et al. [Magnesium and glucose metabolism]. Therapie . 1994 Jan;49(1):1–7.

Li JY, Zhu JC et al. Effects of androgen supplementation therapy on partial androgen deficiency in the aging male: a preliminary study. Aging Male . 2002 Mar;5(1):47–51.

Liu S, Willett WC et al. Relation between changes in intakes of dietary fiber and grain products and changes in weight and development of obesity among middle-aged women. Am J Clin Nutr . 2003 Nov;78(5):920–927.

Longcope C, Baker R, et al. Androgen and estrogen metabolism: relationship to obesity. Metabolism . 1986 Mar;35(3):235–237.

Lovejoy JC, Smith SR et al. Effects of diets enriched in saturated (palmitic), monounsaturated (oleic), or trans (elaidic) fatty acids on insulin sensitivity and substrate oxidation in healthy adults. Diabetes Care . 2002 Aug;25(8):1283–1288.

Ludwig DS. The glycemic index: physiological mechanisms relating to obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. JAMA . 2002 May 8;287(18):2414–2423.

Maachi M, Pieroni L et al. Systemic low-grade inflammation is related to both circulating and adipose tissue TNFalpha, leptin and IL-6 levels in obese women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord . 2004 Aug;28(8):993–997.

Maggs D. American Diabetes Association. 1997 Nov Boston.

Marenich LP. [Excretion of testosterone, epitestosterone, androstenedione and 7-ketodehydroepiandrostenedione in healthy men of different ages]. Probl Endokrinol (Mosk) . 1979 Jul;25(4):28–31.

Marin P, Krotkiewski M et al. Androgen treatment of middle-aged, obese men: effects on metabolism, muscle and adipose tissues. Eur J Med . 1992 Oct;1(6):329–336.

Mattei R, Dias RF et al. Guarana (Paullinia cupana): toxic behavioral effects in laboratory animals and antioxidants activity in vitro. J Ethnopharmacol . 1998 Mar;60(2):111–116.

Mauras N, Welch S et al. Ovarian hyperandrogenism is associated with insulin resistance to both peripheral carbohydrate and whole-body protein metabolism in postpubertal young females: a metabolic study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab . 1998 Jun;83(6):1900–1905.

McCarty MF. Enhancing central and peripheral insulin activity as a strategy for the treatment of endogenous depression—an adjuvant role for chromium picolinate? Med Hypotheses . 1994 Oct;43(4):247–252.

McNulty SJ, Ur E et al. A randomized trial of sibutramine in the management of obese type 2 diabetic patients treated with metformin. Diabetes Care . 2003 Jan;26(1):125–131.

Mensah GA, Mokdad AH et al. Obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes: emerging epidemics and their cardiovascular implications. Cardiol Clin . 2004 Nov;22(4):485–504.

Merimee TJ, Fineberg ES. Starvation-induced alterations of circulating thyroid hormone concentrations in man. Metabolism . 1976 Jan;25(1):79–83.

MMWR. Prevalence of health-care providers asking older adults about their physical activity levels--United States, 1998. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep . 2002 May 17;51(19):412–414.

Mogul HR, Peterson SJ et al. Long-term (2–4 year) weight reduction with metformin plus carbohydrate-modified diet in euglycemic, hyperinsulinemic, midlife women (Syndrome W). Heart Dis . 2003 Nov;5(6):384–392.

Morin-Papunen LC, Koivunen RM et al. Decreased serum leptin concentrations during metformin therapy in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab . 1998 Jul;83(7):2566–2568.

Nadler JL, Buchanan T et al. Magnesium deficiency produces insulin resistance and increased thromboxane synthesis. Hypertension . 1993 Jun;21(6 Pt 2):1024–1029.

Nadler JL, Rude RK. Disorders of magnesium metabolism. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am . 1995 Sep;24(3):623–641.

Nair KS. Aging muscle. Am J Clin Nutr . 2005 May;81(5):953–963.

Nair KS, Halliday D et al. Effect of triiodothyronine on leucine kinetics, metabolic rate, glucose concentration and insulin secretion rate during two weeks of fasting in obese women. Int J Obes . 1989;13(4):487–496.

NCI. Fruits and Vegetables. NCI page. Available at: http://5aday.nci.nih.gov/tools/faqs.html. Accessed June 22, 2005.

Nelson LR, Bulun SE. Estrogen production and action. J Am Acad Dermatol . 2001 Sep;45(3 Suppl):S116–S124.

Nestler JE, Jakubowicz DJ et al. Effects of metformin on spontaneous and clomiphene-induced ovulation in the polycystic ovary syndrome. N Engl J Med . 1998a Jun 25;338(26):1876–1880.

Nestler JE, Jakubowicz DJ et al. Insulin stimulates testosterone biosynthesis by human thecal cells from women with polycystic ovary syndrome by activating its own receptor and using inositolglycan mediators as the signal transduction system. J Clin Endocrinol Metab . 1998b Jun;83(6):2001–2005.

NIH. Health Implications of Obesity. NIH . 2005 Feb 11;5(9):1–7.

Nizami F, Farooqui MS et al. Effect of fiber bread on the management of diabetes mellitus. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak . 2004 Nov;14(11):673–676.

O'Sullivan AJ, Martin A et al. Efficient fat storage in premenopausal women and in early pregnancy: a role for estrogen. J Clin Endocrinol Metab . 2001 Oct;86(10):4951–4956.

Pan DA, Lillioja S et al. Skeletal muscle membrane lipid composition is related to adiposity and insulin action. J Clin Invest . 1995 Dec;96(6):2802–2808.

Paolisso G, Scheen A et al. Magnesium and glucose homeostasis. Diabetologia . 1990 Sep;33(9):511–514.

Paolisso G, Amato L et al. Effect of metformin on food intake in obese subjects. Eur J Clin Invest . 1998 Jun;28(6):441–446.

Pariza MW, Park Y, et al. The biologically active isomers of conjugated linoleic acid. Prog Lipid Res . 2001 Jul;40(4):283–298.

Park Y, Albright KJ et al. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on body composition in mice. Lipids . 1997 Aug;32(8):853–858.

Park Y, Storkson JM et al. Evidence that the trans-10,cis-12 isomer of conjugated linoleic acid induces body composition changes in mice. Lipids . 1999 Mar;34(3):235–241.

Pasquali R, Baraldi G et al. Effect of “physiological” doses of triiodothyronine replacement on the hormonal and metabolic adaptation to short-term semistarvation and to low-calorie diet in obese patients. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) . 1984 Oct;21(4):357–367.

PDRHealth. 7-Oxo-Dehydroepiandrosterone. Thomson Healthcare page. Available at: http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/nmdrugprofiles/nutsupdrugs/70x_0301.shtml Accessed July 20, 2005.

Pereira MA, Kartashov AI et al. Eating breakfast may reduce risk of obesity, diabetes, heart disease. Mar 6, 2003 Miami, FLAvailable at: http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=3009715. Accessed July 18, 2005.

Petroni ML. Review article: gall-bladder motor function in obesity. Aliment Pharmacol Ther . 2000 May;14 Suppl 2:48–50.

Pittler MH, Schmidt K et al. Adverse events of herbal food supplements for body weight reduction: systematic review. Obes Rev . 2005 May;6(2):93–111.

Porsgaard T, Straarup EM et al. Effect of orlistat on fat absorption in rats: a comparison of normal rats and rats with diverted bile and pancreatic juice. Lipids . 2003 Oct;38(10):1039–1043.

Preuss HG, Bagchi D et al. Effects of a natural extract of (-)-hydroxycitric acid (HCA-SX) and a combination of HCA-SX plus niacin-bound chromium and Gymnema sylvestre extract on weight loss. Diabetes Obes Metab . 2004 May;6(3):171–180.

Pugh J. Metformin monotherapy for type II diabetes. Advances in Therapy . 1997 Jan 1;14(6):338–347.

Raz I, Eldor R et al. Diabetes: insulin resistance and derangements in lipid metabolism. Cure through intervention in fat transport and storage. Diabetes Metab Res Rev . 2005 Jan;21(1):3–14.

Rigaud D, Paycha F et al. Effect of psyllium on gastric emptying, hunger feeling and food intake in normal volunteers: a double blind study. Eur J Clin Nutr . 1998 Apr;52(4):239–245.

Riserus U, Arner P et al. Treatment with dietary trans10cis12 conjugated linoleic acid causes isomer-specific insulin resistance in obese men with the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care . 2002 Sep;25(9):1516–1521.

Riserus U, Berglund L et al. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) reduced abdominal adipose tissue in obese middle-aged men with signs of the metabolic syndrome: a randomised controlled trial. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord . 2001 Aug;25(8):1129–1135.

Romon M, Edme JL et al. Circadian variation of diet-induced thermogenesis. Am J Clin Nutr . 1993 Apr;57(4):476–480.

Rosenbaum M, Leibel RL. Clinical review 107: Role of gonadal steroids in the sexual dimorphisms in body composition and circulating concentrations of leptin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab . 1999 Jun;84(6):1784–1789.

Ryder JW, Portocarrero CP et al. Isomer-specific antidiabetic properties of conjugated linoleic acid. Improved glucose tolerance, skeletal muscle insulin action, and UCP-2 gene expression. Diabetes . 2001 May;50(5):1149–1157.

Sabuncu T, Ucar E et al. The effect of 1-yr sibutramine treatment on glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity and serum lipid profiles in obese subjects. Diabetes Nutr Metab . 2004 Apr;17(2):103–107.

Sayama K, Lin S et al. Effects of green tea on growth, food utilization and lipid metabolism in mice. In Vivo . 2000 Jul;14(4):481–484.

Schneider G, Kirschner MA et al. Increased estrogen production in obese men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab . 1979 Apr;48(4):633–638.

Scimeca JA. Toxicological evaluation of dietary conjugated linoleic acid in male Fischer 344 rats. Food Chem Toxicol . 1998 May;36(5):391–395.

Shirai K. Obesity as the core of the metabolic syndrome and the management of coronary heart disease. Curr Med Res Opin . 2004 Mar;20(3):295–304.

Solomon CG, Manson JE. Obesity and mortality: a review of the epidemiologic data. Am J Clin Nutr . 1997 Oct;66(4 Suppl):1044S–1050S.

Stevens J. Impact of age on associations between weight and mortality. Nutr Rev . 2000 May;58(5):129–137.

Storlien LH, Baur LA et al. Dietary fats and insulin action. Diabetologia . 1996 Jun;39(6):621–631.

Storlien LH, James DE et al. Fat feeding causes widespread in vivo insulin resistance, decreased energy expenditure, and obesity in rats. Am J Physiol . 1986 Nov;251(5 Pt 1):E576–E583.

Storlien LH, Kraegen EW et al. Fish oil prevents insulin resistance induced by high-fat feeding in rats. Science . 1987 Aug 21;237(4817):885–888.

Tan RS, Salazar JA. Risks of testosterone replacement therapy in ageing men. Expert Opin Drug Saf . 2004 Nov;3(6):599–606.

Tankova T, Dakovska G et al. Sibutramine in the treatment of obesity in type 2 diabetic patients and in nondiabetic subjects. Acta Diabetol . 2004 Dec;41(4):146–153.

Thom E, Wadstein J et al. Conjugated linoleic acid reduces body fat in healthy exercising humans. J Int Med Res . 2001 Sep;29(5):392–396.

Tietz NW. Clinical Guide to Laboratory Tests . 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: W. B. Saunders; 1995.

Torgerson JS, Hauptman J et al. XENical in the prevention of diabetes in obese subjects (XENDOS) study: a randomized study of orlistat as an adjunct to lifestyle changes for the prevention of type 2 diabetes in obese patients. Diabetes Care . 2004 Jan;27(1):155–161.

Torsdottir I, Alpsten M et al. A small dose of soluble alginate-fiber affects postprandial glycemia and gastric emptying in humans with diabetes. J Nutr . 1991 Jun;121(6):795–799.

Trakas K, Shear NH. Serotonin syndrome risk with antiobesity drug. Can J Clin Pharmacol . 2000;7(4):216.

Trepel F. [Dietary fibre: more than a matter of dietetics. II. Preventative and therapeutic uses]. Wien Klin Wochenschr . 2004 Aug 31;116(15–16):511–522.

Ueshima K, Akihisa-Umeno H et al. A gastrointestinal lipase inhibitor reduces progression of atherosclerosis in mice fed a western-type diet. Eur J Pharmacol . 2004 Oct 6;501(1–3):137–142.

Van de Ligt CP, Lindemann MD et al. Assessment of chromium tripicolinate supplementation and dietary protein level on growth, carcass, and blood criteria in growing pigs. J Anim Sci . 2002 Sep;80(9):2412–2419.

Velazquez E, Acosta A et al. Menstrual cyclicity after metformin therapy in polycystic ovary syndrome. Obstet Gynecol . 1997 Sep;90(3):392–395.

Vessby B, Tengblad S. et al. Insulin sensitivity is related to the fatty acid composition of serum lipids and skeletal muscle phospholipids in 70-year-old men. Diabetologia . 1994 Oct;37(10):1044–1050.

Vignati L, Finley RJ et al. Protein conservation during prolonged fast: a function of triiodothyronine levels. Trans Assoc Am Physicians . 1978;91:169–179.

Villareal DT, Holloszy JO. Effect of DHEA on abdominal fat and insulin action in elderly women and men: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA . 2004 Nov 10;292(18):2243–2248.

Villareal DT, Holloszy JO et al. Effects of DHEA replacement on bone mineral density and body composition in elderly women and men. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) . 2000 Nov;53(5):561–568.

Vincent JB. The biochemistry of chromium. J Nutr . 2000 Apr;130(4):715–718.

Vlassara H, Cai W et al. Inflammatory mediators are induced by dietary glycotoxins, a major risk factor for diabetic angiopathy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A . 2002 Nov 26;99(24):15596–15601.

Vuksan V, Lyon M et al. Three-week consumption of a highly viscous dietary fiber blend results in improvements in insulin sensitivity and reductions in body fat. Results of a double blind, placebo controlled trial. 2004 Jun 4 Orlando, Fl.

Wadden TA, Mason G et al. Effects of a very low calorie diet on weight, thyroid hormones and mood. Int J Obes . 1990 Mar;14(3):249–258.

Watt MJ, Carey AL et al. Hormone-sensitive lipase is reduced in the adipose tissue of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: influence of IL-6 infusion. Diabetologia . 2005 Jan;48(1):105–112.

Weintraub M, Rubio A et al. Sibutramine in weight control: a dose-ranging, efficacy study. Clin Pharmacol Ther . 1991 Sep;50(3):330–337.

West DB, DeLany JP et al. Effects of conjugated linoleic acid on body fat and energy metabolism in the mouse. Am J Physiol . 1998 Sep;275(3 Pt 2):R667–R672.

Wirth A, Krause J. Long-term weight loss with sibutramine: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA . 2001 Sep 19;286(11):1331–1339.

Wolk R, Shamsuzzaman AS et al. Obesity, sleep apnea, and hypertension. Hypertension . 2003 Dec;42(6):1067–1074.

Yamasaki M, Ikeda A et al. Modulation of body fat and serum leptin levels by dietary conjugated linoleic acid in Sprague-Dawley rats fed various fat-level diets. Nutrition . 2003 Jan;19(1):30–35.

Zeman M, Zak A et al. [Insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases]. Cas Lek Cesk . 2005;144 Suppl 1:19–6

Zheng G, Sayama K et al. Anti-obesity effects of three major components of green tea, catechins, caffeine and theanine, in mice. In Vivo . 2004 Jan;18(1):55–62.

Zhi J, Melia AT et al. Retrospective population-based analysis of the dose-response (fecal fat excretion) relationship of orlistat in normal and obese volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther . 1994 Jul;56(1):82–85.