- 3, 5, A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, Z
PARTIN TABLES:
Tables
constructed based on results of the PSA, clinical stage, and Gleason
score and associating those values with the findings at radical
prostatectomy. Data involving thousands of men with PC used to predict
the probability that the prostate cancer has penetrated the capsule,
spread to the seminal vesicles or lymph nodes, or has remained confined
to the prostate. The tables were developed by a group of scientists at
the Brady Institute for Urology at Johns Hopkins Medical Center.
PATHOLOGICAL STAGE:
The extent of disease as determined by a pathologist's microscopic analysis of tissue removed at the time of surgery.
PERIPROSTATIC:
Pertaining to the soft tissues immediately adjacent to the prostate gland.
PLOIDY:
DNA analysis to establish whether normal or abnormal numbers of pairs of chromosomes are present in a cell.
PROCTITIS:
Inflammation of the rectum; may be an adverse effect of radiation therapy used to treat prostate cancer.
PROSCAR:
Brand name of finasteride, a 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor that blocks the conversion of testosterone to DHT.
PROSTAGLANDIN:
An
eicosanoid isolated from the prostate gland that acts locally,
metabolizes rapidly, and has a hormone-like effect, stimulating target
cells into action.
PROSTAGLANDIN E2 (PGE2):
A major metabolite of arachidonic acid, known to stimulate vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and hence, angiogenesis.
PROSTASCINT:
A
monoclonal antibody (mAb) tagged with a radioactive isotope that is
used to detect prostate cancer, particularly within lymph nodes. The
ProstaScint mAb is directed against the prostate-specific membrane
antigen (PSMA). PSMA is associated with androgen-independent PC. A few
centers are using the ProstaScint scan to identify PC in the prostate
gland.
PROSTATE:
The gland surrounding the urethra and immediately below the bladder in males.
PROSTATE CANCER:
Adenocarcinoma of the prostate gland.
PROSTATECTOMY:
Surgical
removal of part or all of the prostate gland. If the entire gland is
removed, a radical prostatectomy has been performed. Transurethal
resection of the prostate (TURP), performed to improve urinary
difficulties, is an example of removal of part of the gland.
PROSTATE-SPECIFIC ANTIGEN (PSA):
A
protein secreted by the normal epithelial cells of the prostate gland
as well as by prostate cancer cells if they are present. Elevated PSA
levels in the blood can be due to benign or malignant causes. After
diagnosis of prostate cancer, this biomarker is typically used to
monitor disease progression and/or response to therapy.
PROSTATIC ACID PHOSPHATASE (PAP):
An
enzyme or biomarker secreted by prostate cells that is associated with
a higher probability of disease outside the prostate when pretreatment
levels are 3.0 or higher. PAP elevations connote that the disease is
not organ-confined disease.
PROSTATIC INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA (PIN):
A
pathologically identifiable condition believed to be a possible
precursor of prostate cancer; broken down into high-grade PIN or PIN 2
and PIN 3 versus low grade PIN or PIN 1. High grade PIN is associated
with having PC.
PROSTATITIS:
Infection or inflammation of the prostate gland that can be treated with medication and/or prostate massage.
PSA ASSAY:
The means
by which a blood sample is analyzed to determine its PSA content.
Various assays can result in different in readings from the same
sample; therefore, it is wise to use the same assay for each subsequent
PSA test. Very sensitive assays that measure PSA down to two or three
decimal points are called hypersensitive or ultrasensitive PSA assays.
These assays play a major role in early detection of relapse after
radical prostatectomy or in the assessment of the tumor cell population
in response to ADT.
PSA DENSITY (PSAD):
The
amount of PSA (expressed in nanograms) for each cubic centimeter of
prostate volume; the serum PSA value divided by an accurate gland
volume determination.
PSA DOUBLING TIME:
The length of time in months that it takes for the PSA to double in amount.
PSA LEAK:
The
secretion of PSA from the cells into the blood. Low levels of serum PSA
are often associated with higher Gleason scores, as an expression of
less PSA leak because more aggressive prostate cancers lose the ability
to secrete PSA. Thus, PSA is an unreliable marker of disease
progression in high Gleason score prostate cancer, e.g., Gleason scores
8-10.
PSA RECURRENCE (PSAR):
Elevated
PSA following treatment of prostate cancer, signaling that cancer cells
are still present and that monitoring for disease progression is
indicated.
PSA RELAPSE-FREE SURVIVAL:
Survival of the patient that relates to no evidence of a progressively rising PSA.
PSA TREND:
The slope that a series of PSA readings over time would exhibit on a graph.
PSA VELOCITY:
A statement of how fast the PSA is accelerating; the rate of change in PSA calculated per year of time.
PYRILINKS-D (Dpd):
Deoxypyridinoline,
or Dpd, is a laboratory test to monitor the biologic endpoint of bone
resorption activity obtained by analysis of the second-voided urine of
the day.
QCT SCAN:
Quantitative
CT bone densitometry; a superior way to evaluate bone density compared
to the DEXA scan because it is uninfluenced by unrelated conditions
such as arthritic changes and/or vascular calcifications. (Telephone
numbers that may be helpful in finding QCT sites near you: Mindways,
(877) 646-3929 ( www.qct.com ), or Image Analysis, (800) 548-4849 (
www.image-analysis.com ).)
RADIATION THERAPY (RT):
The use of X-rays and other forms of radiation to destroy malignant cells and tissue.
RADICAL PROSTATECTOMY (RP):
Surgical removal of the entire prostate gland and seminal vesicles.
RECEPTOR:
A docking
site on the cell membrane in the cell cytoplasm or in the nucleus that
interacts with a ligand. All cells have multiple receptors.
RECURRENCE:
The
reappearance of disease manifested by clinically based findings, either
upon physical examination or by the results of laboratory findings such
as a rising PSA.
RESORPTION:
Loss of
bone caused by an imbalance in the dynamics of bone formation by
osteoblasts or bone loss due to breakdown of the bone by osteoclasts.
RISK ASSESSMENT:
An
analysis of probabilities related to a specific patient's case,
obtained by analyzing medical variables of known significance and used
to derive an overall impression of how different disease management
options would impact an optimal or suboptimal outcome for the patient.
SCREENING:
Evaluation
of populations of people who have no symptoms of the disease for which
they are being evaluated in an effort to diagnose disease in its early
stages.
SEED IMPLANTATION (SI):
A
treatment for prostate cancer in which radioactive seeds encased in
titanium shells are permanently implanted into the prostate gland.
SELENOMETHIONINE:
A
substance that shows an inhibitory effect on certain prostate cancer
cell lines that appear to be independent of androgen receptor or PSA
pathways.
SEMINAL VESICLES:
Glandular
structures located above and behind the prostate that secrete and store
seminal fluid. Seminal fluid is one component of ejaculate.
STAGE:
See CLINICAL STAGE, PATHOLOGICAL STAGE.
SYSTEMIC:
Throughout the whole body; in prostate cancer, cancer that is no longer organ-confined.
TESTOSTERONE (T):
The
male hormone or androgen that comprises most of the androgens in a
man's body. Chiefly produced by the testicles, testosterone is
essential to virtually every male function from the brain to toenails.
THERAPEUTIC INDEX (TI):
Treatment benefit divided by treatment side effects.
THERMOCOUPLES:
In
relation to prostate cancer, devices used during cryosurgery to monitor
the temperature achieved by cryoprobes, thus helping to improve the
therapeutic index of the procedure.
TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA-1 (TGF-b1):
A
growth factor produced by prostate cells, as well as by cells of the
bone matrix. Elevated plasma levels of TGF-b1 obtained at baseline are
associated with distant disease involving bone and/or lymph nodes.
TRANSRECTAL:
Through the rectum (as in transrectal ultrasound of the prostate).
TRANSRECTAL ULTRASOUND OF THE PROSTATE (TRUSP OR TRUS):
A method that uses the echoes of ultrasound waves to image the prostate by inserting an ultrasound probe into the rectum.
TRANSURETHRAL:
Through the urethra. See Transurethral Resection of the Prostate.
TRANSURETHRAL RESECTION OF THE PROSTATE (TURP):
A surgical procedure to remove prostate tissue obstructing the urethra.
T SCORE:
A
designation used in evaluation of bone mineral density that relates the
patient's bone density to that found in a population of healthy women
of approximately 30 years of age. The T score is in contrast to the Z
score, which relates the patient's bone density to a pooled population
of an age similar to the patient. The T score is the desired test
result. (No T score levels have been ascertained for men as of the end
of 2002.)
TUMOR:
An excessive growth of cells caused by uncontrolled and disorderly cell replacement that can be either benign or malignant.
TUMOR VOLUME:
The amount of tumor measured in cubic centimeters.
ULTRASENSITIVE PSA ASSAY:
PSA
assays that are able to measure very small amounts of PSA in the blood
sample, reliable to the hundredth or even the thousandth of a nanogram
per milliliter of blood. Tosoh and DPC Immulite Third Generation assays
are examples of ultrasensitive PSA assays.
UPREGULATING (UPREGULATION):
Turning on or increasing a mechanism of action at the biochemical level in the body.
UROKINASE-TYPE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR (uPA):
A
substance believed to play a role in prostate cancer invasion and
metastasis that is stimulated by IGF-1 and inhibited by GLA and EPA.
UROLOGIST:
A surgically trained physician who specializes in disorders of the genitourinary system.
VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR (VEGF):
A substance known to stimulate blood vessel growth or angiogenesis and hence to stimulate PC growth.
VIADUR:
Brand name of an LHRH agonist that is implanted under the skin and releases medication over the course of one year.
VITAMIN E SUCCINATE:
Substance
that inhibits the growth of prostate cancer cells of certain cell lines
by suppressing androgen receptor expression and PSA expression.
WATCHFUL WAITING:
Objective
ongoing observation and regular monitoring of a patient with prostate
cancer without actual treatment or invasive therapies.
ZOLADEX:
Brand name of one of the LHRH-agonists.
Z SCORE:
A
designation of bone mineral density that relates the patient's bone
density to that of a pooled population of similar age. See T Score.
SUGGESTED READING
Those seeking additional information may order a copy of A Primer on
Prostate Cancer, the Empowered Patient's Guide. The Primer reflects the
synergistic efforts of Stephen B. Strum, a medical oncologist involved
with PC since 1983, and Donna Pogliano, a partner of a PC warrior. The
Primer is in full color with many graphic images, clinical vignettes,
and a comprehensive appendix replete with material that is the essence
of top-of-the-line health care as it relates to PC. The Primer is a
working manual and companion tool to this protocol. The Primer is to be
regarded as required reading for those serious at winning the war
against PC. It is your basic field guide--but much more so. The Primer
is available through Vitamin Depot Online.com at (866) 820-7457 or on the Life
Extension website at www.lefprostate.org.
You may fax an order to the United States at (954) 761-9199. The Primer
is also available through amazon.com, the Prostate Cancer Research
Institute, Us Too!, the Educational Council for the Prostate Cancer
Patient, Barnes & Noble, and Borders.
ADDITIONAL READING
Books About PC
- Patrick Walsh, M.D., Janet Farrar Worthington.
Dr. Patrick Walsh's Guide to Surviving Prostate Cancer
- Sheldon Marks, M.D.
Prostate & Cancer. A Family Guide to Diagnosis, Treatment & Survival
Medical Journals Focused on PC
- Urology
- Journal of Urology
- Prostate
- Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases
PC Newsletters
- Prostate Cancer Research Institute's PCRI Insights
- Dr. Snuffy Myers's Prostate Forum
- ECPCP's (Education Center for Prostate Cancer Patients) Prostate Exchange
- PAACT's (Patient Advocates for Advanced Cancer Treatments) Cancer Communication
Internet Websites
Internet-Based Tools (Software)
PRODUCT AVAILABILITY
High potency genistein extracts, lycopene, gamma-E tocopherol, curcumin, selenium, silymarin, Vitamin Depot Online.com Booster, Mega EPA/GHA, Super GLA/DHA, Vitamin E Succinate (natural), Mega GLA, Super Max EPA, PectaSol, vitamin D3, TriBoron, Bone Up, Bone Assure, vitamin K, Calcium Citrate w/Vitamin D3 and other supplements discussed in this protocol can be ordered by telephoning (800) 544-4440 or by ordering online.
STAYING INFORMED
The information published in these protocols is only as current as
the day the book was sent to the printer. This protocol raises many
issues that are subject to change as new data emerge. Furthermore,
cancer is still a disease with unacceptably high mortality rates, and
none of our suggested treatment regimens can guarantee a cure.
The Vitamin Depot Online.com Foundation is constantly uncovering information
to provide cancer patients with more ammunition to battle their
disease. A special website has been established for the purpose of
updating patients on new findings that directly pertain to the cancer
protocols published in this book. Whenever Vitamin Depot Online.com discovers
information that points to a better way of treating cancer, it will be
posted on the website www.lefcancer.org.
Before utilizing the cancer protocols in this book, we suggest that you log on to www.lefcancer.org
to see if any substantive changes have been made to the therapeutic
recommendations described in this protocol. Based on the sheer number
of newly published findings, there may be significant alterations to
the information you have just read. | 
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